calc/func.c

/*
 * func - built-in functions implemented here
 *
 * Copyright (C) 1999-2007,2018,2021-2023  David I. Bell, Landon Curt Noll and Ernest Bowen
 *
 * Primary author:  David I. Bell
 *
 * Calc is open software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
 * the terms of the version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 * as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * Calc is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
 * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.	 See the GNU Lesser General
 * Public License for more details.
 *
 * A copy of version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License is
 * distributed with calc under the filename COPYING-LGPL.  You should have
 * received a copy with calc; if not, write to Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 * 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.
 *
 * Under source code control:	1990/02/15 01:48:15
 * File existed as early as:	before 1990
 *
 * Share and enjoy!  :-)	http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/calc/
 */


#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <errno.h>


#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
# include <io.h>
# define _access access
#endif

#if defined(FUNCLIST)

#define CONST /* disabled for FUNCLIST in case NATIVE_CC doesn't have it */
#undef HAVE_CONST

#include "decl.h"

#else /* FUNCLIST */

#include "decl.h"

#include "have_unistd.h"
#if defined(HAVE_UNISTD_H)
#include <unistd.h>
#endif

#include "have_stdlib.h"
#if defined(HAVE_STDLIB_H)
#include <stdlib.h>
#endif

#include "have_string.h"
#if defined(HAVE_STRING_H)
#include <string.h>
#endif

#include "have_times.h"
#if defined(HAVE_TIME_H)
#include <time.h>
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_TIMES_H)
#include <times.h>
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_SYS_TIME_H)
#include <sys/time.h>
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_SYS_TIMES_H)
#include <sys/times.h>
#endif

#include "have_strdup.h"
#if !defined(HAVE_STRDUP)
# define strdup(x) calc_strdup((CONST char *)(x))
#endif

#include "have_rusage.h"
#if defined(HAVE_GETRUSAGE)
# include <sys/resource.h>
#endif

#include "have_const.h"
#include "have_unused.h"
#include "calc.h"
#include "opcodes.h"
#include "token.h"
#include "func.h"
#include "str.h"
#include "symbol.h"
#include "prime.h"
#include "file.h"
#include "zrand.h"
#include "zrandom.h"
#include "custom.h"
#include "strl.h"

#if defined(CUSTOM)
# define E_CUSTOM_ERROR E_NO_C_ARG
#else
# define E_CUSTOM_ERROR E_NO_CUSTOM
#endif


#include "errtbl.h"
#include "banned.h"	/* include after system header <> includes */


/*
 * forward declarations
 */
S_FUNC NUMBER *base_value(long mode, int defval);
S_FUNC int strscan(char *s, int count, VALUE **vals);
S_FUNC int filescan(FILEID id, int count, VALUE **vals);
S_FUNC VALUE f_fsize(VALUE *vp);
S_FUNC int malloced_putenv(char *str);



/*
 * external declarations
 */
EXTERN char cmdbuf[];				/* command line expression */
E_FUNC void matrandperm(MATRIX *M);
E_FUNC void listrandperm(LIST *lp);
E_FUNC int idungetc(FILEID id, int ch);
E_FUNC LIST* associndices(ASSOC *ap, long index);
E_FUNC LIST* matindices(MATRIX *mp, long index);


/*
 * malloced environment storage
 */
#define ENV_POOL_CHUNK (1<8)	/* env_pool elements to allocate at a time */
struct env_pool {
    char *getenv;	/* what getenv() would return, NULL => unused */
    char *putenv;	/* pointer given to putenv() */
};
STATIC int env_pool_cnt = 0;	/* number of env_pool elements in use */
STATIC int env_pool_max = 0;	/* number of env_pool elements allocated */
STATIC struct env_pool *e_pool = NULL;	/* env_pool elements */


/*
 * constants used for hours or degrees conversion functions
 */
STATIC HALF _nineval_[] = { 9 };
STATIC HALF _twentyfourval_[] = { 24 };
STATIC HALF _threesixtyval_[] = { 360 };
STATIC HALF _fourhundredval_[] = { 400 };
STATIC NUMBER _qtendivnine_ = { { _tenval_, 1, 0 },
				{ _nineval_, 1, 0 }, 1, NULL };
STATIC NUMBER _qninedivten_ = { { _nineval_, 1, 0 },
				{ _tenval_, 1, 0 }, 1, NULL };
STATIC NUMBER _qtwentyfour = { { _twentyfourval_, 1, 0 },
			       { _oneval_, 1, 0 }, 1, NULL };
STATIC NUMBER _qthreesixty = { { _threesixtyval_, 1, 0 },
			       { _oneval_, 1, 0 }, 1, NULL };
STATIC NUMBER _qfourhundred = { { _fourhundredval_, 1, 0 },
				{ _oneval_, 1, 0 }, 1, NULL };


/*
 * user-defined error strings
 */
STATIC short nexterrnum = E__USERDEF;
STATIC STRINGHEAD newerrorstr;

#endif /* !FUNCLIST */


/*
 * arg count definitions
 */
#define IN 1024		/* maximum number of arguments */
#define FE 0x01		/* flag to indicate default epsilon argument */
#define FA 0x02		/* preserve addresses of variables */


/*
 * builtins - List of primitive built-in functions
 */

typedef union {
	char *null;			/* no b_numfunc function */
	NUMBER *(*numfunc_0)(void);
#if !defined(FUNCLIST)
	NUMBER *(*numfunc_1)(NUMBER *);
	NUMBER *(*numfunc_2)(NUMBER *, NUMBER *);
	NUMBER *(*numfunc_3)(NUMBER *, NUMBER *, NUMBER *);
	NUMBER *(*numfunc_4)(NUMBER *, NUMBER *, NUMBER *, NUMBER *);
	NUMBER *(*numfunc_cnt)(int, NUMBER **);
#endif /* !FUNCLIST */
} numfunc;

typedef union {
	char *null;			/* no b_valfunc function */
	VALUE (*valfunc_0)(void);
#if !defined(FUNCLIST)
	VALUE (*valfunc_1)(VALUE *);
	VALUE (*valfunc_2)(VALUE *, VALUE *);
	VALUE (*valfunc_3)(VALUE *, VALUE *, VALUE *);
	VALUE (*valfunc_4)(VALUE *, VALUE *, VALUE *, VALUE *);
	VALUE (*valfunc_cnt)(int, VALUE **);
#endif /* !FUNCLIST */
} valfunc;

struct builtin {
	char *b_name;		/* name of built-in function */
	short b_minargs;	/* minimum number of arguments */
	short b_maxargs;	/* maximum number of arguments */
	short b_flags;		/* special handling flags */
	short b_opcode;		/* opcode which makes the call quick */
	numfunc b_numfunc;	/* routine to calculate numeric function */
	valfunc b_valfunc;	/* routine to calculate general values */
	char *b_desc;		/* description of function */
};


#if !defined(FUNCLIST)


/*
 * verify_eps - verify that the eps argument is a valid error value
 *
 * The eps argument, when given to a builtin function, overrides
 * the global epsilon value.  As such, the numeric value of eps must be:
 *
 *	0 < eps < 1
 *
 * given:
 *	veps	a eps VALUE passed to a builtin function
 *
 * returns:
 *	true	veps is a non-NULL pointer to a VALUE, and
 *		VALUE type is V_NUM,
 *		eps value is 0 < eps < 1
 *	false	otherwise
 */
S_FUNC bool
verify_eps(VALUE CONST *veps)
{
	NUMBER *eps;		/* VALUE as a NUMBER */

	/*
	 * firewall - must be a non-NULL VALUE ptr for a V_NUM
	 */
	if (veps == NULL) {
		return false;
	}
	if (veps->v_type != V_NUM) {
		return false;
	}

	/*
	 * numeric value must be valid for an epsilon value
	 *
	 *	0 < eps < 1
	 */
	eps = veps->v_num;
	if (check_epsilon(eps) == false) {
		return false;
	}
	return true;
}


/*
 * name_newerrorstr - obtain the name string for a user-described error code
 *
 * given:
 *	errnum	errnum code to convert
 *
 * returns:
 *	!= NULL ==> non-empty name string for a user-described error
 *	== NULL ==> errnum is not valid, or name string is empty, or name string not found
 */
char *
name_newerrorstr(int errnum)
{
	char *cp;	/* name string lookup result */

	/*
	 * firewall
	 */
	if (is_valid_errnum(errnum) == false) {
		/* errnum is not a valid code */
                return NULL;
	}

	/*
	 * case: errnum is not a user-described code
	 */
	if (errnum < E__USERDEF || errnum > E__USERMAX) {
		/* errnum is not a user-described code */
                return NULL;
	}

	/*
	 * case: errnum is outside the current range of user-described codes
	 */
	if (errnum >= nexterrnum) {
		/* errnum is refers to an unassigned user-described code */
		return NULL;
	}

	/*
	 * attempt to fetch the name string for a user-described error code
	 */
	cp = namestr(&newerrorstr, errnum - E__USERDEF);
	if (cp == NULL || cp[0] == '\0') {
		/* name string was not found or was empty for the user-described error code */
		return NULL;
	}

	/*
	 * return the name string for the user-described error code
	 */
	return cp;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_eval(VALUE *vp)
{
	FUNC	*oldfunc;
	FUNC	*newfunc;
	VALUE	result;
	char	*str;
	size_t	num;
	long	temp_stoponerror;	/* temp value of stoponerror */

	if (vp->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_EVAL_2);
	str = vp->v_str->s_str;
	num = vp->v_str->s_len;
	switch (openstring(str, num)) {
	case -2:
		return error_value(E_EVAL_3);
	case -1:
		return error_value(E_EVAL_4);
	}
	oldfunc = curfunc;
	enterfilescope();
	temp_stoponerror = stoponerror;
	stoponerror = -1;
	if (evaluate(true)) {
		stoponerror = temp_stoponerror;
		closeinput();
		exitfilescope();
		freevalue(stack--);
		newfunc = curfunc;
		curfunc = oldfunc;
		result = newfunc->f_savedvalue;
		newfunc->f_savedvalue.v_type = V_NULL;
		newfunc->f_savedvalue.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
		freenumbers(newfunc);
		if (newfunc != oldfunc)
			free(newfunc);
		return result;
	}
	stoponerror = temp_stoponerror;
	closeinput();
	exitfilescope();
	newfunc = curfunc;
	curfunc = oldfunc;
	freevalue(&newfunc->f_savedvalue);
	newfunc->f_savedvalue.v_type = V_NULL;
	newfunc->f_savedvalue.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	freenumbers(newfunc);
	if (newfunc != oldfunc)
		free(newfunc);
	return error_value(E_EVAL);
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_prompt(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;
	char *cp;
	char *newcp;
	size_t len;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_STR;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	openterminal();
	printvalue(vp, PRINT_SHORT);
	math_flush();
	cp = nextline();
	closeinput();
	if (cp == NULL) {
		result.v_type = V_NULL;
		return result;
	}
	if (*cp == '\0') {
		result.v_str = slink(&_nullstring_);
		return result;
	}
	len = strlen(cp);
	newcp = (char *) malloc(len + 1);
	if (newcp == NULL) {
		math_error("Cannot allocate string");
		not_reached();
	}
	strlcpy(newcp, cp, len+1);
	result.v_str = makestring(newcp);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_display(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	LEN oldvalue;
	VALUE res;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	res.v_type = V_NUM;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	oldvalue = conf->outdigits;

	if (count > 0) {
		if (vals[0]->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(vals[0]->v_num) ||
			qisneg(vals[0]->v_num) || zge31b(vals[0]->v_num->num))
			fprintf(stderr,
			       "Out-of-range arg for display ignored\n");
		else
			conf->outdigits = (LEN) qtoi(vals[0]->v_num);
	}
	res.v_num = itoq((long) oldvalue);
	return res;
}


/*ARGSUSED*/
S_FUNC VALUE
f_null(int UNUSED(count), VALUE **UNUSED(vals))
{
	VALUE res;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	res.v_type = V_NULL;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_str(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;
	char *cp;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_STR;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	switch (vp->v_type) {
	case V_STR:
		result.v_str = makenewstring(vp->v_str->s_str);
		break;
	case V_NULL:
		result.v_str = slink(&_nullstring_);
		break;
	case V_OCTET:
		result.v_str = charstring(*vp->v_octet);
		break;
	case V_NUM:
		math_divertio();
		qprintnum(vp->v_num, MODE_DEFAULT, conf->outdigits);
		cp = math_getdivertedio();
		result.v_str = makestring(cp);
		break;
	case V_COM:
		math_divertio();
		comprint(vp->v_com);
		cp = math_getdivertedio();
		result.v_str = makestring(cp);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_STR);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_estr(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;
	char *cp;

	/* initialize result */
	result.v_type = V_STR;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	math_divertio();
	printestr(vp);
	cp = math_getdivertedio();
	result.v_str = makestring(cp);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_name(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;
	char *cp;
	char *name;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_STR;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	switch (vp->v_type) {
	case V_NBLOCK:
		result.v_type = V_STR;
		result.v_str = makenewstring(vp->v_nblock->name);
		return result;
	case V_FILE:
		name = findfname(vp->v_file);
		if (name == NULL) {
			result.v_type = V_NULL;
			return result;
		}
		math_divertio();
		math_str(name);
		cp = math_getdivertedio();
		break;
	default:
		result.v_type = V_NULL;
		return result;
	}
	result.v_str = makestring(cp);
	return result;
}



S_FUNC VALUE
f_poly(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *x;
	VALUE result, tmp;
	LIST *clist, *lp;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vals[0]->v_type == V_LIST) {
		clist = vals[0]->v_list;
		lp = listalloc();
		while (--count > 0) {
			if ((*++vals)->v_type == V_LIST)
				insertitems(lp, (*vals)->v_list);
			else
				insertlistlast(lp, *vals);
		}
		if (!evalpoly(clist, lp->l_first, &result)) {
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
			result.v_num = qlink(&_qzero_);
		}
		listfree(lp);
		return result;
	}
	x = vals[--count];
	copyvalue(*vals++, &result);
	while (--count > 0) {
		mulvalue(&result, x, &tmp);
		freevalue(&result);
		addvalue(*vals++, &tmp, &result);
		freevalue(&tmp);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_mne(NUMBER *val1, NUMBER *val2, NUMBER *val3)
{
	NUMBER *tmp, *res;

	tmp = qsub(val1, val2);
	res = itoq((long) !qdivides(tmp, val3));
	qfree(tmp);
	return res;
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_isrel(NUMBER *val1, NUMBER *val2)
{
	if (qisfrac(val1) || qisfrac(val2)) {
		math_error("Non-integer for isrel");
		not_reached();
	}
	return itoq((long) zrelprime(val1->num, val2->num));
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_issquare(NUMBER *vp)
{
	return itoq((long) qissquare(vp));
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_isprime(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	NUMBER *err;		/* error return, NULL => use math_error */

	/* determine the way we report problems */
	if (count == 2) {
		if (qisfrac(vals[1])) {
			math_error("2nd isprime arg must be an integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		err = vals[1];
	} else {
		err = NULL;
	}

	/* firewall - must be an integer */
	if (qisfrac(vals[0])) {
		if (err) {
			return qlink(err);
		}
		math_error("non-integral arg for builtin function isprime");
		not_reached();
	}

	/* test the integer */
	switch (zisprime(vals[0]->num)) {
	case 0: return qlink(&_qzero_);
	case 1: return qlink(&_qone_);
	}

	/* error return */
	if (!err) {
		math_error("isprime argument is an odd value > 2^32");
		not_reached();
	}
	return qlink(err);
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_nprime(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	NUMBER *err;		/* error return, NULL => use math_error */
	FULL nxt_prime;		/* next prime or 0 */

	/* determine the way we report problems */
	if (count == 2) {
		if (qisfrac(vals[1])) {
			math_error("2nd nextprime arg must be an integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		err = vals[1];
	} else {
		err = NULL;
	}

	/* firewall - must be an integer */
	if (qisfrac(vals[0])) {
		if (err) {
			return qlink(err);
		}
		math_error("non-integral arg 1 for builtin function nextprime");
		not_reached();
	}

	/* test the integer */
	nxt_prime = znprime(vals[0]->num);
	if (nxt_prime > 1) {
		return utoq(nxt_prime);
	} else if (nxt_prime == 0) {
		/* return 2^32+15 */
		return qlink(&_nxtprime_);
	}

	/* error return */
	if (!err) {
		math_error("nextprime arg 1 is >= 2^32");
		not_reached();
	}
	return qlink(err);
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_pprime(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	NUMBER *err;		/* error return, NULL => use math_error */
	FULL prev_prime;	/* previous prime or 0 */

	/* determine the way we report problems */
	if (count == 2) {
		if (qisfrac(vals[1])) {
			math_error("2nd prevprime arg must be an integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		err = vals[1];
	} else {
		err = NULL;
	}

	/* firewall - must be an integer */
	if (qisfrac(vals[0])) {
		if (err) {
			return qlink(err);
		}
		math_error("non-integral arg 1 for builtin function prevprime");
		not_reached();
	}

	/* test the integer */
	prev_prime = zpprime(vals[0]->num);
	if (prev_prime > 1) {
		return utoq(prev_prime);
	}
	if (prev_prime == 0) {
		return qlink(&_qzero_);
	}
	/* error return */
	if (!err) {
		if (prev_prime == 0) {
			math_error("prevprime arg 1 is <= 2");
			not_reached();
		} else {
			math_error("prevprime arg 1 is >= 2^32");
			not_reached();
		}
	}
	return qlink(err);
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_factor(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	NUMBER *err;	/* error return, NULL => use math_error */
	ZVALUE limit;	/* highest prime factor in search */
	ZVALUE n;	/* number to factor */
	NUMBER *factor; /* the prime factor found */
	int res;	/* -1 => error, 0 => not found, 1 => factor found */

	/*
	 * parse args
	 */
	if (count == 3) {
		if (qisfrac(vals[2])) {
			math_error("3rd factor arg must be an integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		err = vals[2];
	} else {
		err = NULL;
	}
	if (count >= 2) {
		if (qisfrac(vals[1])) {
			if (err) {
				return qlink(err);
			}
			math_error("non-integral arg 2 for builtin factor");
			not_reached();
		}
		limit = vals[1]->num;
	} else {
		/* default limit is 2^32-1 */
		utoz((FULL)0xffffffff, &limit);
	}
	if (qisfrac(vals[0])) {
		if (count < 2)
			zfree(limit);
		if (err) {
			return qlink(err);
		}
		math_error("non-integral arg 1 for builtin pfactor");
		not_reached();
	}
	n = vals[0]->num;

	/*
	 * find the smallest prime factor in the range
	 */
	factor = qalloc();
	res = zfactor(n, limit, &(factor->num));
	if (res < 0) {
		/* error processing */
		if (err) {
			return qlink(err);
		}
		math_error("limit >= 2^32 for builtin factor");
		not_reached();
	} else if (res == 0) {
		if (count < 2)
			zfree(limit);
		/* no factor found - qalloc set factor to 1, return 1 */
		return factor;
	}

	/*
	 * return the factor found
	 */
	if (count < 2)
		zfree(limit);
	return factor;
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_pix(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	NUMBER *err;		/* error return, NULL => use math_error */
	long value;		/* primes <= x, or 0 ==> error */

	/* determine the way we report problems */
	if (count == 2) {
		if (qisfrac(vals[1])) {
			math_error("2nd pix arg must be an integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		err = vals[1];
	} else {
		err = NULL;
	}

	/* firewall - must be an integer */
	if (qisfrac(vals[0])) {
		if (err) {
			return qlink(err);
		}
		math_error("non-integral arg 1 for builtin function pix");
		not_reached();
	}

	/* determine the number of primes <= x */
	value = zpix(vals[0]->num);
	if (value >= 0) {
		return utoq(value);
	}

	/* error return */
	if (!err) {
		math_error("pix arg 1 is >= 2^32");
		not_reached();
	}
	return qlink(err);
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_prevcand(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	ZVALUE zmodulus;
	ZVALUE zresidue;
	ZVALUE zskip;
	ZVALUE *zcount = NULL;		/* ptest trial count */
	ZVALUE tmp;
	NUMBER *ans;			/* candidate for primality */

	zmodulus = _one_;
	zresidue = _zero_;
	zskip = _one_;
	/*
	 * check on the number of args passed and that args passed are ints
	 */
	switch (count) {
	case 5:
		if (!qisint(vals[4])) {
			math_error( "prevcand 5th arg must both be integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		zmodulus = vals[4]->num;
		/*FALLTHRU*/
	case 4:
		if (!qisint(vals[3])) {
			math_error( "prevcand 4th arg must both be integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		zresidue = vals[3]->num;
		/*FALLTHRU*/
	case 3:
		if (!qisint(vals[2])) {
			math_error(
		    "prevcand skip arg (3rd) must be an integer or omitted");
			not_reached();
		}
		zskip = vals[2]->num;
		/*FALLTHRU*/
	case 2:
		if (!qisint(vals[1])) {
			math_error(
		    "prevcand count arg (2nd) must be an integer or omitted");
			not_reached();
		}
		zcount = &vals[1]->num;
		/*FALLTHRU*/
	case 1:
		if (!qisint(vals[0])) {
			math_error(
		    "prevcand search arg (1st) must be an integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		break;
	default:
		math_error("invalid number of args passed to prevcand");
		not_reached();
		break;
	}

	if (zcount == NULL) {
		count = 1;	/* default is 1 ptest */
	} else {
		if (zge24b(*zcount)) {
			math_error("prevcand count arg (2nd) must be < 2^24");
			not_reached();
		}
		count = ztoi(*zcount);
	}

	/*
	 * find the candidate
	 */
	if (zprevcand(vals[0]->num, count, zskip, zresidue, zmodulus, &tmp)) {
		ans = qalloc();
		ans->num = tmp;
		return ans;
	}
	return qlink(&_qzero_);
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_nextcand(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	ZVALUE zmodulus;
	ZVALUE zresidue;
	ZVALUE zskip;
	ZVALUE *zcount = NULL;		/* ptest trial count */
	ZVALUE tmp;
	NUMBER *ans;			/* candidate for primality */

	zmodulus = _one_;
	zresidue = _zero_;
	zskip = _one_;
	/*
	 * check on the number of args passed and that args passed are ints
	 */
	switch (count) {
	case 5:
		if (!qisint(vals[4])) {
			math_error(
		    "nextcand 5th args must be integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		zmodulus = vals[4]->num;
		/*FALLTHRU*/
	case 4:
		if (!qisint(vals[3])) {
			math_error(
		    "nextcand 5th args must be integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		zresidue = vals[3]->num;
		/*FALLTHRU*/
	case 3:
		if (!qisint(vals[2])) {
			math_error(
		    "nextcand skip arg (3rd) must be an integer or omitted");
			not_reached();
		}
		zskip = vals[2]->num;
		/*FALLTHRU*/
	case 2:
		if (!qisint(vals[1])) {
			math_error(
		    "nextcand count arg (2nd) must be an integer or omitted");
			not_reached();
		}
		zcount = &vals[1]->num;
		/*FALLTHRU*/
	case 1:
		if (!qisint(vals[0])) {
			math_error(
		    "nextcand search arg (1st) must be an integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		break;
	default:
		math_error("invalid number of args passed to nextcand");
		not_reached();
	}

	/*
	 * check ranges on integers passed
	 */
	if (zcount == NULL) {
		count = 1;	/* default is 1 ptest */
	} else {
		if (zge24b(*zcount)) {
			math_error("prevcand count arg (2nd) must be < 2^24");
			not_reached();
		}
		count = ztoi(*zcount);
	}

	/*
	 * find the candidate
	 */
	if  (znextcand(vals[0]->num, count, zskip, zresidue, zmodulus, &tmp)) {
		ans = qalloc();
		ans->num = tmp;
		return ans;
	}
	return qlink(&_qzero_);
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_seed(void)
{
	return pseudo_seed();
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_rand(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	NUMBER *ans;

	/* parse args */
	switch (count) {
	case 0:			/* rand() == rand(2^64) */
		/* generate an subtractive 100 shuffle pseudo-random number */
		ans = qalloc();
		zrand(SBITS, &ans->num);
		break;

	case 1:			/* rand(limit) */
		if (!qisint(vals[0])) {
			math_error("rand limit must be an integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		if (zislezero(vals[0]->num)) {
			math_error("rand limit must > 0");
			not_reached();
		}
		ans = qalloc();
		zrandrange(_zero_, vals[0]->num, &ans->num);
		break;

	case 2:			/* rand(low, limit) */
		/* firewall */
		if (!qisint(vals[0]) || !qisint(vals[1])) {
			math_error("rand range must be integers");
			not_reached();
		}
		ans = qalloc();
		zrandrange(vals[0]->num, vals[1]->num, &ans->num);
		break;

	default:
		math_error("invalid number of args passed to rand");
		not_reached();
		return NULL;
	}

	/* return the subtractive 100 shuffle pseudo-random number */
	return ans;
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_randbit(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	NUMBER *ans;
	ZVALUE ztmp;
	long cnt;		/* bits needed or skipped */

	/* parse args */
	if (count == 0) {
		zrand(1, &ztmp);
		ans = ziszero(ztmp) ? qlink(&_qzero_) : qlink(&_qone_);
		zfree(ztmp);
		return ans;
	}

	/*
	 * firewall
	 */
	if (!qisint(vals[0])) {
		math_error("rand bit count must be an integer");
		not_reached();
	}
	if (zge31b(vals[0]->num)) {
		math_error("huge rand bit count");
		not_reached();
	}

	/*
	 * generate an subtractive 100 shuffle pseudo-random number or skip random bits
	 */
	ans = qalloc();
	cnt = ztolong(vals[0]->num);
	if (zisneg(vals[0]->num)) {
		/* skip bits */
		zrandskip(cnt);
		itoz(cnt, &ans->num);
	} else {
		/* generate bits */
		zrand(cnt, &ans->num);
	}

	/*
	 * return the subtractive 100 shuffle pseudo-random number
	 */
	return ans;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_srand(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_RAND;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/* parse args */
	switch (count) {
	case 0:
		/* get the current subtractive 100 shuffle pseudo-random number generator state */
		result.v_rand = zsrand(NULL, NULL);
		break;

	case 1:
		switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
		case V_NUM:		/* srand(seed) */
			/* seed subtractive 100 shuffle pseudo-random number generator and return previous state */
			if (!qisint(vals[0]->v_num)) {
				math_error(
				  "srand number seed must be an integer");
				not_reached();
			}
			result.v_rand = zsrand(&vals[0]->v_num->num, NULL);
			break;

		case V_RAND:		/* srand(state) */
			/* set subtractive 100 shuffle pseudo-random number generator state and return previous state */
			result.v_rand = zsetrand(vals[0]->v_rand);
			break;

		case V_MAT:
			/* load subtractive 100 table and return prev state */
			result.v_rand = zsrand(NULL, vals[0]->v_mat);
			break;

		default:
			math_error("illegal type of arg passed to srand()");
			not_reached();
			break;
		}
		break;

	default:
		math_error("bad arg count to srand()");
		not_reached();
		break;
	}

	/* return the current state */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_random(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	NUMBER *ans;

	/* parse args */
	switch (count) {
	case 0:			/* random() == random(2^64) */
		/* generate a Blum-Blum-Shub random number */
		ans = qalloc();
		zrandom(SBITS, &ans->num);
		break;

	case 1:			/* random(limit) */
		if (!qisint(vals[0])) {
			math_error("random limit must be an integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		if (zislezero(vals[0]->num)) {
			math_error("random limit must > 0");
			not_reached();
		}
		ans = qalloc();
		zrandomrange(_zero_, vals[0]->num, &ans->num);
		break;

	case 2:			/* random(low, limit) */
		/* firewall */
		if (!qisint(vals[0]) || !qisint(vals[1])) {
			math_error("random range must be integers");
			not_reached();
		}
		ans = qalloc();
		zrandomrange(vals[0]->num, vals[1]->num, &ans->num);
		break;

	default:
		math_error("invalid number of args passed to random");
		not_reached();
		return NULL;
	}

	/* return the Blum-Blum-Shub random number */
	return ans;
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_randombit(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	NUMBER *ans;
	ZVALUE ztmp;
	long cnt;		/* bits needed or skipped */

	/* parse args */
	ztmp.len = 0;  /* paranoia */
	ztmp.v = NULL;
	ztmp.sign = 0;
	if (count == 0) {
		zrandom(1, &ztmp);
		ans = ziszero(ztmp) ? qlink(&_qzero_) : qlink(&_qone_);
		zfree(ztmp);
		return ans;
	}

	/*
	 * firewall
	 */
	if (!qisint(vals[0])) {
		math_error("random bit count must be an integer");
		not_reached();
	}
	if (zge31b(vals[0]->num)) {
		math_error("huge random bit count");
		not_reached();
	}

	/*
	 * generate a Blum-Blum-Shub random number or skip random bits
	 */
	ans = qalloc();
	cnt = ztolong(vals[0]->num);
	if (zisneg(vals[0]->num)) {
		/* skip bits */
		zrandomskip(cnt);
		itoz(cnt, &ans->num);
	} else {
		/* generate bits */
		zrandom(cnt, &ans->num);
	}

	/*
	 * return the Blum-Blum-Shub random number
	 */
	return ans;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_srandom(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_RANDOM;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/* parse args */
	switch (count) {
	case 0:		/* srandom() */
		/* get the current random state */
		result.v_random = zsetrandom(NULL);
		break;

	case 1:		/* srandom(seed) or srandom(state) */
		switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
		case V_NUM:		/* srand(seed) */
			/* seed Blum and return previous state */
			if (!qisint(vals[0]->v_num)) {
				math_error(
				  "srandom number seed must be an integer");
				not_reached();
			}
			result.v_random = zsrandom1(vals[0]->v_num->num, true);
			break;

		case V_RANDOM:		/* srandom(state) */
			/* set subtractive 100 shuffle pseudo-random number generator state and return previous state */
			result.v_random = zsetrandom(vals[0]->v_random);
			break;

		default:
			math_error("illegal type of arg passed to srandom()");
			not_reached();
			break;
		}
		break;

	case 2:		/* srandom(seed, newn) */
		if (vals[0]->v_type != V_NUM || !qisint(vals[0]->v_num)) {
			math_error("srandom seed must be an integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		if (vals[1]->v_type != V_NUM || !qisint(vals[1]->v_num)) {
			math_error("srandom Blum modulus must be an integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		result.v_random = zsrandom2(vals[0]->v_num->num,
					    vals[1]->v_num->num);
		break;

	case 4:		/* srandom(seed, ip, iq, trials) */
		if (vals[0]->v_type != V_NUM || !qisint(vals[0]->v_num)) {
			math_error("srandom seed must be an integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		if (vals[1]->v_type != V_NUM || !qisint(vals[1]->v_num)) {
			math_error("srandom 2nd arg must be an integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		if (vals[2]->v_type != V_NUM || !qisint(vals[2]->v_num)) {
			math_error("srandom 3rd arg must be an integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		if (vals[3]->v_type != V_NUM || !qisint(vals[3]->v_num)) {
			math_error("srandom 4th arg must be an integer");
			not_reached();
		}
		if (zge24b(vals[3]->v_num->num)) {
			math_error("srandom trials count is excessive");
			not_reached();
		}
		result.v_random = zsrandom4(vals[0]->v_num->num,
					    vals[1]->v_num->num,
					    vals[2]->v_num->num,
					    ztoi(vals[3]->v_num->num));
		break;

	default:
		math_error("bad arg count to srandom()");
		not_reached();
		break;
	}

	/* return the current state */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_primetest(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	/* parse args */
	switch (count) {
	case 1: qlink(&_qone_);
		qlink(&_qone_);
		return itoq((long) qprimetest(vals[0], &_qone_, &_qone_));
	case 2: qlink(&_qone_);
		return itoq((long) qprimetest(vals[0], vals[1], &_qone_));
	default: return itoq((long) qprimetest(vals[0], vals[1], vals[2]));
	}
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_setbit(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	bool r;
	long index;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	r = (count == 3) ? testvalue(vals[2]) : 1;

	if (vals[1]->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(vals[1]->v_num))
		return error_value(E_SETBIT_1);
	if (zge31b(vals[1]->v_num->num))
		return error_value(E_SETBIT_2);
	if (vals[0]->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_SETBIT_3);
	index = qtoi(vals[1]->v_num);
	if (stringsetbit(vals[0]->v_str, index, r))
		return error_value(E_SETBIT_2);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_digit(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE res;
	ZVALUE base;

	if (vals[0]->v_type != V_NUM)
		return error_value(E_DGT_1);

	if (vals[1]->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(vals[1]->v_num))
		return error_value(E_DGT_2);

	if (count == 3) {
		if (vals[2]->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(vals[2]->v_num))
			return error_value(E_DGT_3);
		base = vals[2]->v_num->num;
	} else {
		base = _ten_;
	}
	res.v_type = V_NUM;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	res.v_num = qdigit(vals[0]->v_num, vals[1]->v_num->num, base);
	if (res.v_num == NULL)
		return error_value(E_DGT_3);

	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_digits(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	ZVALUE base;
	VALUE res;

	if (vals[0]->v_type != V_NUM)
		return error_value(E_DGTS_1);
	if (count > 1) {
		if (vals[1]->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(vals[1]->v_num)
			|| qiszero(vals[1]->v_num) || qisunit(vals[1]->v_num))
			return error_value(E_DGTS_2);
		base = vals[1]->v_num->num;
	} else {
		base = _ten_;
	}
	res.v_type = V_NUM;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	res.v_num = itoq(qdigits(vals[0]->v_num, base));
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_places(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	long places;
	VALUE res;

	if (vals[0]->v_type != V_NUM)
		return error_value(E_PLCS_1);
	if (count > 1) {
		if (vals[1]->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(vals[1]->v_num))
			return error_value(E_PLCS_2);
		places = qplaces(vals[0]->v_num, vals[1]->v_num->num);
		if (places == -2)
			return error_value(E_PLCS_2);
	} else
		places = qdecplaces(vals[0]->v_num);

	res.v_type = V_NUM;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	res.v_num = itoq(places);
	return res;
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_popcnt(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	int bitval = 1;

	/*
	 * parse args
	 */
	if (count == 2 && qiszero(vals[1])) {
		bitval = 0;
	}

	/*
	 * count bit values
	 */
	if (qisint(vals[0])) {
		return itoq(zpopcnt(vals[0]->num, bitval));
	} else {
		return itoq(zpopcnt(vals[0]->num, bitval) +
			    zpopcnt(vals[0]->den, bitval));
	}
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_xor(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	NUMBER *q, *qtmp;
	STRING *s, *stmp;
	VALUE result;
	int i;
	int type;

	type = vals[0]->v_type;
	result.v_type = type;
	result.v_subtype = vals[0]->v_subtype;
	for (i = 1; i < count; i++) {
		if (vals[i]->v_type != type)
			return error_value(E_XOR_1);
	}
	switch (type) {
	case V_NUM:
		q = qlink(vals[0]->v_num);
		for (i = 1; i < count; i++) {
			qtmp = qxor(q, vals[i]->v_num);
			qfree(q);
			q = qtmp;
		}
		result.v_num = q;
		break;
	case V_STR:
		s = slink(vals[0]->v_str);
		for (i = 1; i < count; i++) {
			stmp = stringxor(s, vals[i]->v_str);
			sfree(s);
			s = stmp;
		}
		result.v_str = s;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_XOR_2);
	}
	return result;
}


VALUE
minlistitems(LIST *lp)
{
	LISTELEM *ep;
	VALUE *vp;
	VALUE term;
	VALUE rel;
	VALUE min;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	min.v_type = V_NULL;
	min.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	term.v_type = V_NULL;
	term.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	for (ep = lp->l_first; ep; ep = ep->e_next) {
		vp = &ep->e_value;
		switch(vp->v_type) {
		case V_LIST:
			term = minlistitems(vp->v_list);
			break;
		case V_OBJ:
			term = objcall(OBJ_MIN, vp,
				       NULL_VALUE, NULL_VALUE);
			break;
		default:
			copyvalue(vp, &term);
		}
		if (min.v_type == V_NULL) {
			min = term;
			continue;
		}
		if (term.v_type == V_NULL)
			continue;
		relvalue(&term, &min, &rel);
		if (rel.v_type != V_NUM) {
			freevalue(&term);
			freevalue(&min);
			freevalue(&rel);
			return error_value(E_LISTMIN);
		}
		if (qisneg(rel.v_num)) {
			freevalue(&min);
			min = term;
		}
		else
			freevalue(&term);
		freevalue(&rel);
	}
	return min;
}


VALUE
maxlistitems(LIST *lp)
{
	LISTELEM *ep;
	VALUE *vp;
	VALUE term;
	VALUE rel;
	VALUE max;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	max.v_type = V_NULL;
	max.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	term.v_type = V_NULL;
	term.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	for (ep = lp->l_first; ep; ep = ep->e_next) {
		vp = &ep->e_value;
		switch(vp->v_type) {
		case V_LIST:
			term = maxlistitems(vp->v_list);
			break;
		case V_OBJ:
			term = objcall(OBJ_MAX, vp,
				       NULL_VALUE, NULL_VALUE);
			break;
		default:
			copyvalue(vp, &term);
		}
		if (max.v_type == V_NULL) {
			max = term;
			continue;
		}
		if (term.v_type == V_NULL)
			continue;
		relvalue(&max, &term, &rel);
		if (rel.v_type != V_NUM) {
			freevalue(&max);
			freevalue(&term);
			freevalue(&rel);
			return error_value(E_LISTMAX);
		}
		if (qisneg(rel.v_num)) {
			freevalue(&max);
			max = term;
		}
		else
			freevalue(&term);
		freevalue(&rel);
	}
	return max;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_min(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE min;
	VALUE term;
	VALUE *vp;
	VALUE rel;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	min.v_type = V_NULL;
	min.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	term.v_type = V_NULL;
	term.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	while (count-- > 0) {
		vp = *vals++;
		switch(vp->v_type) {
		case V_LIST:
			term = minlistitems(vp->v_list);
			break;
		case V_OBJ:
			term = objcall(OBJ_MIN, vp,
				      NULL_VALUE, NULL_VALUE);
			break;
		default:
			copyvalue(vp, &term);
		}
		if (min.v_type == V_NULL) {
			min = term;
			continue;
		}
		if (term.v_type == V_NULL)
			continue;
		if (term.v_type < 0) {
			freevalue(&min);
			return term;
		}
		relvalue(&term, &min, &rel);
		if (rel.v_type != V_NUM) {
			freevalue(&min);
			freevalue(&term);
			freevalue(&rel);
			return error_value(E_MIN);
		}
		if (qisneg(rel.v_num)) {
			freevalue(&min);
			min = term;
		} else {
			freevalue(&term);
		}
		freevalue(&rel);
	}
	return min;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_max(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE max;
	VALUE term;
	VALUE *vp;
	VALUE rel;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	max.v_type = V_NULL;
	max.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	term.v_type = V_NULL;
	term.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	while (count-- > 0) {
		vp = *vals++;
		switch(vp->v_type) {
		case V_LIST:
			term = maxlistitems(vp->v_list);
			break;
		case V_OBJ:
			term = objcall(OBJ_MAX, vp,
				       NULL_VALUE, NULL_VALUE);
			break;
		default:
			copyvalue(vp, &term);
		}
		if (max.v_type == V_NULL) {
			max = term;
			continue;
		}
		if (term.v_type == V_NULL)
			continue;
		if (term.v_type < 0) {
			freevalue(&max);
			return term;
		}
		relvalue(&max, &term, &rel);
		if (rel.v_type != V_NUM) {
			freevalue(&max);
			freevalue(&term);
			freevalue(&rel);
			return error_value(E_MAX);
		}
		if (qisneg(rel.v_num)) {
			freevalue(&max);
			max = term;
		} else {
			freevalue(&term);
		}
		freevalue(&rel);
	}
	return max;
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_gcd(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	NUMBER *val, *tmp;

	val = qqabs(*vals);
	while (--count > 0) {
		tmp = qgcd(val, *++vals);
		qfree(val);
		val = tmp;
	}
	return val;
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_lcm(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	NUMBER *val, *tmp;

	val = qqabs(*vals);
	while (--count > 0) {
		tmp = qlcm(val, *++vals);
		qfree(val);
		val = tmp;
		if (qiszero(val))
			break;
	}
	return val;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_hash(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	QCKHASH hash;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	hash = QUICKHASH_BASIS;
	while (count-- > 0)
		hash = hashvalue(*vals++, hash);
	result.v_num = utoq((FULL) hash);
	return result;
}


VALUE
sumlistitems(LIST *lp)
{
	LISTELEM *ep;
	VALUE *vp;
	VALUE term;
	VALUE tmp;
	VALUE sum;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	term.v_type = V_NULL;
	term.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp.v_type = V_NULL;
	tmp.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	sum.v_type = V_NULL;
	sum.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	for (ep = lp->l_first; ep; ep = ep->e_next) {
		vp = &ep->e_value;
		switch(vp->v_type) {
		case V_LIST:
			term = sumlistitems(vp->v_list);
			break;
		case V_OBJ:
			term = objcall(OBJ_SUM, vp,
				       NULL_VALUE, NULL_VALUE);
			break;
		default:
			addvalue(&sum, vp, &tmp);
			freevalue(&sum);
			if (tmp.v_type < 0)
				return tmp;
			sum = tmp;
			continue;
		}
		addvalue(&sum, &term, &tmp);
		freevalue(&sum);
		freevalue(&term);
		sum = tmp;
		if (sum.v_type < 0)
			break;
	}
	return sum;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_sum(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE tmp;
	VALUE sum;
	VALUE term;
	VALUE *vp;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	tmp.v_type = V_NULL;
	tmp.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	sum.v_type = V_NULL;
	sum.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	term.v_type = V_NULL;
	term.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	while (count-- > 0) {
		vp = *vals++;
		switch(vp->v_type) {
		case V_LIST:
			term = sumlistitems(vp->v_list);
			break;
		case V_OBJ:
			term = objcall(OBJ_SUM, vp,
				      NULL_VALUE, NULL_VALUE);
			break;
		default:
			addvalue(&sum, vp, &tmp);
			freevalue(&sum);
			if (tmp.v_type < 0)
				return tmp;
			sum = tmp;
			continue;
		}
		addvalue(&sum, &term, &tmp);
		freevalue(&term);
		freevalue(&sum);
		sum = tmp;
		if (sum.v_type < 0)
			break;
	}
	return sum;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_avg(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE tmp;
	VALUE sum;
	VALUE div;
	long n;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	tmp.v_type = V_NULL;
	tmp.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	sum.v_type = V_NULL;
	sum.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	div.v_type = V_NULL;
	div.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	n = 0;
	while (count-- > 0) {
		if ((*vals)->v_type == V_LIST) {
			addlistitems((*vals)->v_list, &sum);
			n += countlistitems((*vals++)->v_list);
		} else {
			addvalue(&sum, *vals++, &tmp);
			freevalue(&sum);
			sum = tmp;
			n++;
		}
		if (sum.v_type < 0)
			return sum;
	}
	if (n < 2)
		return sum;
	div.v_num = itoq(n);
	div.v_type = V_NUM;
	div.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	divvalue(&sum, &div, &tmp);
	freevalue(&sum);
	qfree(div.v_num);
	return tmp;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_fact(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE res;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	res.v_type = V_NUM;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vp->v_type == V_OBJ) {
		return objcall(OBJ_FACT, vp, NULL_VALUE, NULL_VALUE);
	}
	if (vp->v_type != V_NUM) {
		math_error("Non-real argument for fact()");
		not_reached();
	}
	res.v_num = qfact(vp->v_num);
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_hmean(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE sum, tmp1, tmp2;
	long n = 0;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	sum.v_type = V_NULL;
	sum.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp1.v_type = V_NULL;
	tmp1.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp2.v_type = V_NULL;
	tmp2.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	while (count-- > 0) {
		if ((*vals)->v_type == V_LIST) {
			addlistinv((*vals)->v_list, &sum);
			n += countlistitems((*vals++)->v_list);
		} else {
			invertvalue(*vals++, &tmp1);
			addvalue(&sum, &tmp1, &tmp2);
			freevalue(&tmp1);
			freevalue(&sum);
			sum = tmp2;
			n++;
		}
	}
	if (n == 0)
		return sum;
	tmp1.v_type = V_NUM;
	tmp1.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp1.v_num = itoq(n);
	divvalue(&tmp1, &sum, &tmp2);
	qfree(tmp1.v_num);
	freevalue(&sum);
	return tmp2;
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_hnrmod(NUMBER *val1, NUMBER *val2, NUMBER *val3, NUMBER *val4)
{
	ZVALUE answer;			/* v mod h*2^n+r */
	NUMBER *res;			/* v mod h*2^n+r */

	/*
	 * firewall
	 */
	if (qisfrac(val1)) {
		math_error("1st arg of hnrmod (v) must be an integer");
		not_reached();
	}
	if (qisfrac(val2) || qisneg(val2) || qiszero(val2)) {
		math_error("2nd arg of hnrmod (h) must be an integer > 0");
		not_reached();
	}
	if (qisfrac(val3) || qisneg(val3) || qiszero(val3)) {
		math_error("3rd arg of hnrmod (n) must be an integer > 0");
		not_reached();
	}
	if (qisfrac(val4) || !zisabsleone(val4->num)) {
		math_error("4th arg of hnrmod (r) must be -1, 0 or 1");
		not_reached();
	}

	/*
	 * perform the val1 mod (val2 * 2^val3 + val4) operation
	 */
	zhnrmod(val1->num, val2->num, val3->num, val4->num, &answer);

	/*
	 * return the answer
	 */
	res = qalloc();
	res->num = answer;
	return res;
}

VALUE
ssqlistitems(LIST *lp)
{
	LISTELEM *ep;
	VALUE *vp;
	VALUE term;
	VALUE tmp;
	VALUE sum;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	term.v_type = V_NULL;
	term.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp.v_type = V_NULL;
	tmp.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	sum.v_type = V_NULL;
	sum.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	for (ep = lp->l_first; ep; ep = ep->e_next) {
		vp = &ep->e_value;
		if (vp->v_type == V_LIST) {
			term = ssqlistitems(vp->v_list);
		} else {
			squarevalue(vp, &term);
		}
		addvalue(&sum, &term, &tmp);
		freevalue(&sum);
		freevalue(&term);
		sum = tmp;
		if (sum.v_type < 0)
			break;
	}
	return sum;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_ssq(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE tmp;
	VALUE sum;
	VALUE term;
	VALUE *vp;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	tmp.v_type = V_NULL;
	tmp.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	sum.v_type = V_NULL;
	sum.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	term.v_type = V_NULL;
	term.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	while (count-- > 0) {
		vp = *vals++;
		if (vp->v_type == V_LIST) {
			term = ssqlistitems(vp->v_list);
		} else {
			squarevalue(vp, &term);
		}
		addvalue(&sum, &term, &tmp);
		freevalue(&term);
		freevalue(&sum);
		sum = tmp;
		if (sum.v_type < 0)
			break;
	}
	return sum;
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_ismult(NUMBER *val1, NUMBER *val2)
{
	return itoq((long) qdivides(val1, val2));
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_meq(NUMBER *val1, NUMBER *val2, NUMBER *val3)
{
	NUMBER *tmp, *res;

	tmp = qsub(val1, val2);
	res = itoq((long) qdivides(tmp, val3));
	qfree(tmp);
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_exp(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	NUMBER *eps;
	NUMBER *q;
	COMPLEX *c;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_EXP_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute e^x to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		q = qexp(vals[0]->v_num, eps);
		if (q == NULL)
			return error_value(E_EXP_3);
		result.v_num = q;
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		break;
	case V_COM:
		c = c_exp(vals[0]->v_com, eps);
		if (c == NULL)
			return error_value(E_EXP_3);
		result.v_com = c;
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		if (cisreal(c)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_EXP_2);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_ln(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX ctmp, *c;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_LN_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute natural logarithm to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		if (!qisneg(vals[0]->v_num) &&
		    !qiszero(vals[0]->v_num)) {
			result.v_num = qln(vals[0]->v_num, err);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
			return result;
		}
		ctmp.real = vals[0]->v_num;
		ctmp.imag = qlink(&_qzero_);
		ctmp.links = 1;
		c = c_ln(&ctmp, err);
		break;
	case V_COM:
		c = c_ln(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_LN_2);
	}

	/* determine if we will return a numeric or complex value */
	result.v_type = V_COM;
	result.v_com = c;
	if (cisreal(c)) {
		result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_log(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX ctmp, *c;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_LOG_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute logarithm base 10 to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		if (!qisneg(vals[0]->v_num) &&
		    !qiszero(vals[0]->v_num)) {
			result.v_num = qlog(vals[0]->v_num, err);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
			return result;
		}
		ctmp.real = vals[0]->v_num;
		ctmp.imag = qlink(&_qzero_);
		ctmp.links = 1;
		c = c_log(&ctmp, err);
		break;
	case V_COM:
		c = c_log(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_LOG_2);
	}
	if (c == NULL) {
		return error_value(E_LOG_3);
	}

	/* determine if we will return a numeric or complex value */
	result.v_type = V_COM;
	result.v_com = c;
	if (cisreal(c)) {
		result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_log2(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX ctmp, *c;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_LOG2_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute base 2 logarithm to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		if (!qisneg(vals[0]->v_num) &&
		    !qiszero(vals[0]->v_num)) {
			result.v_num = qlog2(vals[0]->v_num, err);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
			return result;
		}
		ctmp.real = vals[0]->v_num;
		ctmp.imag = qlink(&_qzero_);
		ctmp.links = 1;
		c = c_log2(&ctmp, err);
		break;
	case V_COM:
		c = c_log2(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_LOG2_2);
	}
	if (c == NULL) {
		return error_value(E_LOG2_3);
	}

	/* determine if we will return a numeric or complex value */
	result.v_type = V_COM;
	result.v_com = c;
	if (cisreal(c)) {
		result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_logn(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;			/* return value */
	COMPLEX ctmp;			/* intermediate COMPLEX temporary value */
	COMPLEX *p_cval;		/* pointer to a COMPLEX value */
	NUMBER *err;			/* epsilon error value */
	bool ln_of_x_is_complex = false;	/* taking to value of a COMPLEX x */
	COMPLEX *ln_x_c;		/* ln(x) where ln_of_x_is_complex is true */
	NUMBER *ln_x_r;			/* ln(x) where ln_of_x_is_complex is false */
	bool ln_of_n_is_complex = false;	/* taking to value of a COMPLEX base n */
	COMPLEX *ln_n_c;		/* ln(n) where ln_of_n_is_complex is true */
	NUMBER *ln_n_r;			/* ln(n) where ln_of_n_is_complex is false */

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 3) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[2]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_LOGN_1);
		}
		err = vals[2]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * special case: x and n are both integer powers of 2 and n log 2 != 0
	 *
	 * If this is the case, we return the integer formed by log2(n) / log2(x).
	 */
	ln_x_r = qalloc();
	ln_n_r = qalloc();
	if (vals[0]->v_type == V_NUM && qispowerof2(vals[0]->v_num, &ln_x_r) == true) {
		if (vals[1]->v_type == V_NUM && qispowerof2(vals[1]->v_num, &ln_n_r) == true) {
			if (!qiszero(ln_n_r)) {
				result.v_num = qqdiv(ln_x_r, ln_n_r);
				if (result.v_com == NULL) {
					return error_value(E_LOGN_4);
				}
				result.v_type = V_NUM;
				qfree(ln_x_r);
				qfree(ln_n_r);
				return result;
			} else {
				qfree(ln_x_r);
				qfree(ln_n_r);
				return error_value(E_LOGN_4);
			}
		}
	}
	qfree(ln_x_r);
	qfree(ln_n_r);

	/*
	 * take the natural log of x (value)
	 *
	 * Look for the case where the natural log of x complex is a real.
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		if (qiszero(vals[0]->v_num)) {
			return error_value(E_LOGN_3);
		}
		if (qisneg(vals[0]->v_num)) {
			ctmp.real = vals[0]->v_num;
			ctmp.imag = qlink(&_qzero_);
			ctmp.links = 1;
			ln_x_c = c_ln(&ctmp, err);
			if (ln_x_c == NULL) {
				return error_value(E_LOGN_3);
			}
			if (cisreal(ln_x_c)) {
				ln_x_r = c_to_q(ln_x_c, true);
			} else {
				ln_of_x_is_complex = true;
			}
		} else {
			ln_x_r = qln(vals[0]->v_num, err);
			if (ln_x_r == NULL) {
				return error_value(E_LOGN_3);
			}
		}
		break;
	case V_COM:
		if (ciszero(vals[0]->v_com)) {
			return error_value(E_LOGN_3);
		}
		ln_x_c = c_ln(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		if (ln_x_c == NULL) {
			return error_value(E_LOGN_3);
		}
		if (cisreal(ln_x_c)) {
			ln_x_r = c_to_q(ln_x_c, true);
		} else {
			ln_of_x_is_complex = true;
		}
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_LOGN_2);
	}

	/*
	 * take the natural log of n (base)
	 *
	 * Look for the case where the natural log of n complex is a real.
	 * Also report an error if the case where the natural log of n is zero.
	 */
	switch (vals[1]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		if (qiszero(vals[1]->v_num)) {
			return error_value(E_LOGN_4);
		}
		if (qisneg(vals[1]->v_num)) {
			ctmp.real = vals[1]->v_num;
			ctmp.imag = qlink(&_qzero_);
			ctmp.links = 1;
			ln_n_c = c_ln(&ctmp, err);
			if (ln_n_c == NULL) {
				return error_value(E_LOGN_4);
			}
			if (ciszero(ln_n_c)) {
				comfree(ln_n_c);
				return error_value(E_LOGN_4);
			}
			if (cisreal(ln_n_c)) {
				ln_n_r = c_to_q(ln_n_c, true);
			} else {
				ln_of_n_is_complex = true;
			}
		} else {
			ln_n_r = qln(vals[1]->v_num, err);
			if (ln_n_r == NULL) {
				return error_value(E_LOGN_4);
			}
			if (qiszero(ln_n_r)) {
				qfree(ln_n_r);
				return error_value(E_LOGN_4);
			}
		}
		break;
	case V_COM:
		if (ciszero(vals[1]->v_com)) {
			return error_value(E_LOGN_4);
		}
		ln_n_c = c_ln(vals[1]->v_com, err);
		if (ln_n_c == NULL) {
			return error_value(E_LOGN_4);
		}
		if (ciszero(ln_n_c)) {
			comfree(ln_n_c);
			return error_value(E_LOGN_4);
		}
		if (cisreal(ln_n_c)) {
			ln_n_r = c_to_q(ln_n_c, true);
		} else {
			ln_of_n_is_complex = true;
		}
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_LOGN_5);
	}

	/*
	 * compute ln(x) / ln(n)
	 */
	if (ln_of_x_is_complex == true) {
		if (ln_of_n_is_complex == true) {

			/*
			 * case: ln(x) is COMPLEX, ln(n) is COMPLEX
			 */
			p_cval = c_div(ln_x_c, ln_n_c);
			if (p_cval == NULL) {
				return error_value(E_LOGN_3);
			}
			/* check if division is COMPLEX or NUMBER */
			if (cisreal(p_cval)) {
				/* ln(x) / ln(n) was NUMBER, not COMPLEX */
				result.v_num = c_to_q(p_cval, true);
				result.v_type = V_NUM;
			} else {
				/* ln(x) / ln(n) is COMPLEX */
				result.v_type = V_COM;
				result.v_com = p_cval;
			}

		} else {

			/*
			 * case: ln(x) is COMPLEX, ln(n) is NUMBER
			 */
			p_cval = c_divq(ln_x_c, ln_n_r);
			if (p_cval == NULL) {
				return error_value(E_LOGN_3);
			}
			/* check if division is COMPLEX or NUMBER */
			if (cisreal(p_cval)) {
				/* ln(x) / ln(n) was NUMBER, not COMPLEX */
				result.v_num = c_to_q(p_cval, true);
				result.v_type = V_NUM;
			} else {
				/* ln(x) / ln(n) is COMPLEX */
				result.v_type = V_COM;
				result.v_com = p_cval;
			}
		}

	} else {
		if (ln_of_n_is_complex == true) {

			/*
			 * case: ln(x) is NUMBER, ln(n) is COMPLEX
			 */
			/* convert ln_x_r into COMPLEX so we can divide */
			ctmp.real = ln_x_r;
			ctmp.imag = qlink(&_qzero_);
			ctmp.links = 1;
			p_cval = c_div(&ctmp, ln_n_c);
			if (result.v_com == NULL) {
				return error_value(E_LOGN_3);
			}
			/* check if division is COMPLEX or NUMBER */
			if (cisreal(p_cval)) {
				/* ln(x) / ln(n) was NUMBER, not COMPLEX */
				result.v_num = c_to_q(p_cval, true);
				result.v_type = V_NUM;
			} else {
				/* ln(x) / ln(n) is COMPLEX */
				result.v_type = V_COM;
				result.v_com = p_cval;
			}

		} else {

			/*
			 * case: ln(x) is NUMBER, ln(n) is NUMBER
			 */
			result.v_num = qqdiv(ln_x_r, ln_n_r);
			if (result.v_com == NULL) {
				return error_value(E_LOGN_3);
			}
			/* ln(x) / ln(n) is NUMBER */
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
	}

	/* return the resulting logarithm */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_cos(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *c;
	NUMBER *eps;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_COS_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute cosinr to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		result.v_num = qcos(vals[0]->v_num, eps);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		break;
	case V_COM:
		c = c_cos(vals[0]->v_com, eps);
		if (c == NULL)
			return error_value(E_COS_3);
		result.v_com = c;
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		if (cisreal(c)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_COS_2);
	}
	return result;
}


/*
 * f_d2r - convert degrees to radians
 */
S_FUNC VALUE
f_d2r(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	NUMBER *eps;
	NUMBER *pidiv180;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_D2R_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute argument*(pi/180) to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		pidiv180 = qpidiv180(eps);
		result.v_num = qmul(vals[0]->v_num, pidiv180);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		qfree(pidiv180);
		break;
	case V_COM:
		pidiv180 = qpidiv180(eps);
		result.v_com = c_mulq(vals[0]->v_com, pidiv180);
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		qfree(pidiv180);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_D2R_2);
	}
	return result;
}


/*
 * f_r2d - convert radians to degrees
 */
S_FUNC VALUE
f_r2d(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	NUMBER *eps;
	NUMBER *pidiv180;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_R2D_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute argument/(pi/180) to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		pidiv180 = qpidiv180(eps);
		result.v_num = qqdiv(vals[0]->v_num, pidiv180);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		qfree(pidiv180);
		break;
	case V_COM:
		pidiv180 = qpidiv180(eps);
		result.v_com = c_divq(vals[0]->v_com, pidiv180);
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		qfree(pidiv180);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_R2D_2);
	}
	return result;
}


/*
 * f_d2r - convert gradians to radians
 */
S_FUNC VALUE
f_g2r(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	NUMBER *eps;
	NUMBER *pidiv200;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_G2R_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute argument*(pi/200) to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		pidiv200 = qpidiv200(eps);
		result.v_num = qmul(vals[0]->v_num, pidiv200);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		qfree(pidiv200);
		break;
	case V_COM:
		pidiv200 = qpidiv200(eps);
		result.v_com = c_mulq(vals[0]->v_com, pidiv200);
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		qfree(pidiv200);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_G2R_2);
	}
	return result;
}


/*
 * f_r2g - convert radians to gradians
 */
S_FUNC VALUE
f_r2g(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	NUMBER *eps;
	NUMBER *pidiv200;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_R2G_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute argument/(pi/200) to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		pidiv200 = qpidiv200(eps);
		result.v_num = qqdiv(vals[0]->v_num, pidiv200);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		qfree(pidiv200);
		break;
	case V_COM:
		pidiv200 = qpidiv200(eps);
		result.v_com = c_divq(vals[0]->v_com, pidiv200);
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		qfree(pidiv200);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_R2G_2);
	}
	return result;
}


/*
 * f_d2g - convert degrees to gradians
 *
 * NOTE: The epsilon (vals[1]->v_num) argument is ignored.
 */
/*ARGSUSED*/
S_FUNC VALUE
f_d2g(int UNUSED(count), VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/* NOTE: the epsilon (vals[1]->v_num) argument is ignored */

	/* calculate argument * (10/9) */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		result.v_num = qmul(vals[0]->v_num, &_qtendivnine_);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		break;
	case V_COM:
		result.v_com = c_mulq(vals[0]->v_com, &_qtendivnine_);
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_D2G_1);
	}
	return result;
}


/*
 * f_g2d - convert gradians to degrees
 *
 * NOTE: The epsilon (vals[1]->v_num) argument is ignored.
 */
/*ARGSUSED*/
S_FUNC VALUE
f_g2d(int UNUSED(count), VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/* NOTE: the epsilon (vals[1]->v_num) argument is ignored */

	/* calculate argument * (9/10) */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		result.v_num = qmul(vals[0]->v_num, &_qninedivten_);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		break;
	case V_COM:
		result.v_com = c_mulq(vals[0]->v_com, &_qninedivten_);
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_G2D_1);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_sin(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *c;
	NUMBER *eps;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_SIN_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute sine to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		result.v_num = qsin(vals[0]->v_num, eps);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		break;
	case V_COM:
		c = c_sin(vals[0]->v_com, eps);
		if (c == NULL) {
			return error_value(E_SIN_3);
		}
		result.v_com = c;
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		if (cisreal(c)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_SIN_2);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_tan(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *c;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use err VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_TAN_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute tangent to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		result.v_num = qtan(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		break;
	case V_COM:
		c = c_tan(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		if (c == NULL) {
			return error_value(E_TAN_5);
		}
		result.v_com = c;
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		if (cisreal(c)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_TAN_2);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_cot(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *c;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use err VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_COT_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute cotangent to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		if (qiszero(vals[0]->v_num)) {
			return error_value(E_COT_5);
		}
		result.v_num = qcot(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		break;
	case V_COM:
		if (ciszero(vals[0]->v_com)) {
			return error_value(E_COT_5);
		}
		c = c_cot(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		if (c == NULL) {
			return error_value(E_COT_6);
		}
		result.v_com = c;
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		if (cisreal(c)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_COT_2);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_sec(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *c;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use err VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_SEC_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute secant to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		result.v_num = qsec(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		break;
	case V_COM:
		c = c_sec(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		if (c == NULL) {
			return error_value(E_SEC_5);
		}
		result.v_com = c;
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		if (cisreal(c)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_SEC_2);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_csc(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *c;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use err VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_CSC_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute cosecant to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		if (qiszero(vals[0]->v_num)) {
			return error_value(E_CSC_5);
		}
		result.v_num = qcsc(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		break;
	case V_COM:
		if (ciszero(vals[0]->v_com)) {
			return error_value(E_CSC_5);
		}
		c = c_csc(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		if (c == NULL) {
			return error_value(E_CSC_6);
		}
		result.v_com = c;
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		if (cisreal(c)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_CSC_2);
	}
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_sinh(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	NUMBER *eps;
	NUMBER *q;
	COMPLEX *c;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_SINH_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute hyperbolic sine to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		q = qsinh(vals[0]->v_num, eps);
		if (q == NULL)
			return error_value(E_SINH_3);
		result.v_num = q;
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		break;
	case V_COM:
		c = c_sinh(vals[0]->v_com, eps);
		if (c == NULL)
			return error_value(E_SINH_3);
		result.v_com = c;
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		if (cisreal(c)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_SINH_2);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_cosh(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	NUMBER *eps;
	NUMBER *q;
	COMPLEX *c;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_COSH_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute hyperbolic cosine to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		q = qcosh(vals[0]->v_num, eps);
		if (q == NULL)
			return error_value(E_COSH_3);
		result.v_num = q;
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		break;
	case V_COM:
		c = c_cosh(vals[0]->v_com, eps);
		if (c == NULL)
			return error_value(E_COSH_3);
		result.v_com = c;
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		if (cisreal(c)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_COSH_2);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_tanh(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	VALUE tmp1, tmp2;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp1.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp2.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_TANH_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute hyperbolic tangent to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		result.v_num = qtanh(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		break;
	case V_COM:
		tmp1.v_type = V_COM;
		tmp1.v_com = c_sinh(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		if (tmp1.v_com == NULL) {
			return error_value(E_TANH_3);
		}
		tmp2.v_type = V_COM;
		tmp2.v_com = c_cosh(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		if (tmp2.v_com == NULL) {
			comfree(tmp1.v_com);
			return error_value(E_TANH_4);
		}
		divvalue(&tmp1, &tmp2, &result);
		comfree(tmp1.v_com);
		comfree(tmp2.v_com);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_TANH_2);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_coth(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	VALUE tmp1, tmp2;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp1.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp2.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_COTH_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute hyperbolic cotangent to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		if (qiszero(vals[0]->v_num))
			return error_value(E_DIVBYZERO);
		result.v_num = qcoth(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		break;
	case V_COM:
		tmp1.v_type = V_COM;
		tmp1.v_com = c_cosh(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		if (tmp1.v_com == NULL) {
			return error_value(E_COTH_3);
		}
		tmp2.v_type = V_COM;
		tmp2.v_com = c_sinh(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		if (tmp2.v_com == NULL) {
			comfree(tmp1.v_com);
			return error_value(E_COTH_4);
		}
		divvalue(&tmp1, &tmp2, &result);
		comfree(tmp1.v_com);
		comfree(tmp2.v_com);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_COTH_2);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_sech(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	VALUE tmp;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_SECH_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute hyperbolic secant to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		result.v_num = qsech(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		break;
	case V_COM:
		tmp.v_type = V_COM;
		tmp.v_com = c_cosh(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		if (tmp.v_com == NULL) {
			return error_value(E_SECH_3);
		}
		invertvalue(&tmp, &result);
		comfree(tmp.v_com);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_SECH_2);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_csch(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	VALUE tmp;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_CSCH_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute hyperbolic cosecant to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		if (qiszero(vals[0]->v_num))
			return error_value(E_DIVBYZERO);
		result.v_num = qcsch(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		break;
	case V_COM:
		tmp.v_type = V_COM;
		tmp.v_com = c_sinh(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		if (tmp.v_com == NULL) {
			return error_value(E_CSCH_3);
		}
		invertvalue(&tmp, &result);
		comfree(tmp.v_com);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_CSCH_2);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_atan(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *tmp;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_ATAN_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute inverse tangent to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		result.v_num = qatan(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		break;
	case V_COM:
		tmp = c_atan(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		if (tmp == NULL)
			return error_value(E_ATAN_3);
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		result.v_com = tmp;
		if (cisreal(tmp)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(tmp, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ATAN_2);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_acot(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *tmp;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_ACOT_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute inverse cotangent to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		result.v_num = qacot(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		break;
	case V_COM:
		tmp = c_acot(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		if (tmp == NULL)
			return error_value(E_ACOT_3);
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		result.v_com = tmp;
		if (cisreal(tmp)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(tmp, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ACOT_2);
	}
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_asin(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *tmp;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_ASIN_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute inverse sine to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		result.v_num = qasin(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		if (result.v_num == NULL) {
			tmp = comalloc();
			qfree(tmp->real);
			tmp->real = qlink(vals[0]->v_num);
			result.v_type = V_COM;
			result.v_com = c_asin(tmp, err);
			comfree(tmp);
		}
		break;
	case V_COM:
		result.v_com = c_asin(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ASIN_2);
	}
	if (result.v_com == NULL) {
		return error_value(E_ASIN_3);
	}
	if (result.v_type == V_COM && cisreal(result.v_com)) {
		result.v_num = c_to_q(result.v_com, true);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
	}
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_acos(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *tmp;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_ACOS_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute inverse cosine to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		result.v_num = qacos(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		if (result.v_num == NULL) {
			tmp = comalloc();
			qfree(tmp->real);
			tmp->real = qlink(vals[0]->v_num);
			result.v_type = V_COM;
			result.v_com = c_acos(tmp, err);
			comfree(tmp);
		}
		break;
	case V_COM:
		result.v_com = c_acos(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ACOS_2);
	}
	if (result.v_com == NULL) {
		return error_value(E_ACOS_3);
	}
	if (result.v_type == V_COM && cisreal(result.v_com)) {
		result.v_num = c_to_q(result.v_com, true);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_asec(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *tmp;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_ASEC_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute inverse secant to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		if (qiszero(vals[0]->v_num))
			return error_value(E_ASEC_3);
		result.v_num = qasec(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		if (result.v_num == NULL) {
			tmp = comalloc();
			qfree(tmp->real);
			tmp->real = qlink(vals[0]->v_num);
			result.v_com = c_asec(tmp, err);
			result.v_type = V_COM;
			comfree(tmp);
		}
		break;
	case V_COM:
		result.v_com = c_asec(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ASEC_2);
	}
	if (result.v_com == NULL) {
		return error_value(E_ASEC_3);
	}
	if (result.v_type == V_COM) {
		if (cisreal(result.v_com)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(result.v_com, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_acsc(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *tmp;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_ACSC_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute inverse cosecant to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		if (qiszero(vals[0]->v_num))
			return error_value(E_ACSC_3);
		result.v_num = qacsc(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		if (result.v_num == NULL) {
			tmp = comalloc();
			qfree(tmp->real);
			tmp->real = qlink(vals[0]->v_num);
			result.v_com = c_acsc(tmp, err);
			result.v_type = V_COM;
			comfree(tmp);
		}
		break;
	case V_COM:
		result.v_com = c_acsc(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ACSC_2);
	}
	if (result.v_com == NULL) {
		return error_value(E_ACSC_3);
	}
	if (result.v_type == V_COM) {
		if (cisreal(result.v_com)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(result.v_com, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_asinh(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *tmp;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_ASINH_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute inverse hyperbolic sine to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
		case V_NUM:
			result.v_num = qasinh(vals[0]->v_num, err);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
			break;
		case V_COM:
			tmp = c_asinh(vals[0]->v_com, err);
			if (tmp == NULL) {
				return error_value(E_ASINH_3);
			}
			result.v_type = V_COM;
			result.v_com = tmp;
			if (cisreal(tmp)) {
				result.v_num = c_to_q(tmp, true);
				result.v_type = V_NUM;
			}
			break;
		default:
			return error_value(E_ASINH_2);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_acosh(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *tmp;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_ACOSH_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute inverse hyperbolic cosine to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		result.v_num = qacosh(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		if (result.v_num == NULL) {
			tmp = comalloc();
			qfree(tmp->real);
			tmp->real = qlink(vals[0]->v_num);
			result.v_com = c_acosh(tmp, err);
			result.v_type = V_COM;
			comfree(tmp);
		}
		break;
	case V_COM:
		result.v_com = c_acosh(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ACOSH_2);
	}
	if (result.v_com == NULL) {
		return error_value(E_ACOSH_3);
	}
	if (result.v_type == V_COM && cisreal(result.v_com)) {
		result.v_num = c_to_q(result.v_com, true);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_atanh(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *tmp;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_ATANH_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute inverse hyperbolic tangent to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		result.v_num = qatanh(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		if (result.v_num == NULL) {
			tmp = comalloc();
			qfree(tmp->real);
			tmp->real = qlink(vals[0]->v_num);
			result.v_com = c_atanh(tmp, err);
			result.v_type = V_COM;
			comfree(tmp);
		}
		break;
	case V_COM:
		result.v_com = c_atanh(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ATANH_2);
	}
	if (result.v_com == NULL) {
		return error_value(E_ATANH_3);
	}
	if (result.v_type == V_COM) {
		if (cisreal(result.v_com)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(result.v_com, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_acoth(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *tmp;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_ACOTH_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute inverse hyperbolic cotangent to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		result.v_num = qacoth(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		if (result.v_num == NULL) {
			tmp = comalloc();
			qfree(tmp->real);
			tmp->real = qlink(vals[0]->v_num);
			result.v_com = c_acoth(tmp, err);
			result.v_type = V_COM;
			comfree(tmp);
		}
		break;
	case V_COM:
		result.v_com = c_acoth(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ACOTH_2);
	}
	if (result.v_com == NULL) {
		return error_value(E_ACOTH_3);
	}
	if (result.v_type == V_COM) {
		if (cisreal(result.v_com)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(result.v_com, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_asech(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *tmp;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_SECH_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute inverse hyperbolic secant to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		if (qiszero(vals[0]->v_num))
			return error_value(E_ASECH_3);
		result.v_num = qasech(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		if (result.v_num == NULL) {
			tmp = comalloc();
			qfree(tmp->real);
			tmp->real = qlink(vals[0]->v_num);
			result.v_com = c_asech(tmp, err);
			result.v_type = V_COM;
			comfree(tmp);
		}
		break;
	case V_COM:
		result.v_com = c_asech(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ASECH_2);
	}
	if (result.v_com == NULL) {
		return error_value(E_ASECH_3);
	}
	if (result.v_type == V_COM) {
		if (cisreal(result.v_com)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(result.v_com, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_acsch(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *tmp;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_ACSCH_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute inverse hyperbolic cosecant to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		if (qiszero(vals[0]->v_num))
			return error_value(E_ACSCH_3);
		result.v_num = qacsch(vals[0]->v_num, err);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		if (result.v_num == NULL) {
			tmp = comalloc();
			qfree(tmp->real);
			tmp->real = qlink(vals[0]->v_num);
			result.v_com = c_acsch(tmp, err);
			result.v_type = V_COM;
			comfree(tmp);
		}
		break;
	case V_COM:
		result.v_com = c_acsch(vals[0]->v_com, err);
		result.v_type = V_COM;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ACSCH_2);
	}
	if (result.v_com == NULL) {
		return error_value(E_ACSCH_3);
	}
	if (result.v_type == V_COM) {
		if (cisreal(result.v_com)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(result.v_com, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_gd(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	NUMBER *eps;
	COMPLEX *tmp;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_GD_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute Gudermannian function to a given error tolerance
	 */
	result.v_type = V_COM;
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		if (qiszero(vals[0]->v_num)) {
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
			result.v_num = qlink(&_qzero_);
			return result;
		}
		tmp = comalloc();
		qfree(tmp->real);
		tmp->real = qlink(vals[0]->v_num);
		result.v_com = c_gd(tmp, eps);
		comfree(tmp);
		break;
	case V_COM:
		result.v_com = c_gd(vals[0]->v_com, eps);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_GD_2);
	}
	if (result.v_com == NULL)
		return error_value(E_GD_3);
	if (cisreal(result.v_com)) {
		result.v_num = c_to_q(result.v_com, true);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_agd(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	NUMBER *eps;
	COMPLEX *tmp;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given as a NUMBER and != 0.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (vals[1]->v_type != V_NUM || qiszero(vals[1]->v_num)) {
			return error_value(E_AGD_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute inverse Gudermannian function to a given error tolerance
	 */
	result.v_type = V_COM;
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		if (qiszero(vals[0]->v_num)) {
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
			result.v_num = qlink(&_qzero_);
			return result;
		}
		tmp = comalloc();
		qfree(tmp->real);
		tmp->real = qlink(vals[0]->v_num);
		result.v_com = c_agd(tmp, eps);
		comfree(tmp);
		break;
	case V_COM:
		result.v_com = c_agd(vals[0]->v_com, eps);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_AGD_2);
	}
	if (result.v_com == NULL)
		return error_value(E_AGD_3);
	if (cisreal(result.v_com)) {
		result.v_num = c_to_q(result.v_com, true);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_comb(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	long n;
	VALUE result;
	VALUE tmp1, tmp2, div;

	if (v2->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v2->v_num))
		return error_value(E_COMB_1);
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	if (qisneg(v2->v_num)) {
		result.v_num = qlink(&_qzero_);
		return result;
	}
	if (qiszero(v2->v_num)) {
		result.v_num = qlink(&_qone_);
		return result;
	}
	if (qisone(v2->v_num)) {
		copyvalue(v1, &result);
		return result;
	}
	if (v1->v_type == V_NUM) {
		result.v_num = qcomb(v1->v_num, v2->v_num);
		if (result.v_num == NULL)
			return error_value(E_COMB_2);
		return result;
	}
	if (zge24b(v2->v_num->num))
		return error_value(E_COMB_2);
	n = qtoi(v2->v_num);
	copyvalue(v1, &result);
	decvalue(v1, &tmp1);
	div.v_type = V_NUM;
	div.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	div.v_num = qlink(&_qtwo_);
	n--;
	for (;;) {
		mulvalue(&result, &tmp1, &tmp2);
		freevalue(&result);
		divvalue(&tmp2, &div, &result);
		freevalue(&tmp2);
		if (--n == 0 || !testvalue(&result) || result.v_type < 0) {
			freevalue(&tmp1);
			freevalue(&div);
			return result;
		}
		decvalue(&tmp1, &tmp2);
		freevalue(&tmp1);
		tmp1 = tmp2;
		incvalue(&div, &tmp2);
		freevalue(&div);
		div = tmp2;
	}
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_bern(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE res;

	if (vp->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(vp->v_num))
		return error_value(E_BERN);

	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	res.v_type = V_NUM;
	res.v_num = qbern(vp->v_num->num);
	if (res.v_num == NULL)
		return error_value(E_BERN);
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_freebern(void)
{
	VALUE res;

	qfreebern();
	res.v_type = V_NULL;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_euler(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE res;

	if (vp->v_type!=V_NUM || qisfrac(vp->v_num))
		return error_value(E_EULER);
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	res.v_type = V_NUM;
	res.v_num = qeuler(vp->v_num->num);
	if (res.v_num == NULL)
		return error_value(E_EULER);
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_freeeuler(void)
{
	VALUE res;

	qfreeeuler();
	res.v_type = V_NULL;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_catalan(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE res;

	if (vp->v_type!=V_NUM || qisfrac(vp->v_num) || zge31b(vp->v_num->num))
		return error_value(E_CTLN);
	res.v_type = V_NUM;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	res.v_num = qcatalan(vp->v_num);
	if (res.v_num == NULL)
		return error_value(E_CTLN);
	return res;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_arg(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *c;
	NUMBER *err;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given as a NUMBER and != 0.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (vals[1]->v_type != V_NUM || qiszero(vals[1]->v_num)) {
			return error_value(E_ARG_1);
		}
		err = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute argument (the angle or phase) of a complex number to a given error tolerance
	 */
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		if (qisneg(vals[0]->v_num))
			result.v_num = qpi(err);
		else
			result.v_num = qlink(&_qzero_);
		break;
	case V_COM:
		c = vals[0]->v_com;
		if (ciszero(c))
			result.v_num = qlink(&_qzero_);
		else
			result.v_num = qatan2(c->imag, c->real, err);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ARG_2);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_legtoleg(NUMBER *val1, NUMBER *val2)
{
	/* qlegtoleg() performs the val2 != 0 check */
	return qlegtoleg(val1, val2, false);
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_trunc(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	NUMBER *val;

	val = qlink(&_qzero_);
	if (count == 2)
		val = vals[1];
	return qtrunc(*vals, val);
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_bround(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE tmp1, tmp2, res;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp1.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp2.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (count > 2)
		tmp2 = *vals[2];
	else
		tmp2.v_type = V_NULL;
	if (count > 1)
		tmp1 = *vals[1];
	else
		tmp1.v_type = V_NULL;
	broundvalue(vals[0], &tmp1, &tmp2, &res);
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_appr(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE tmp1, tmp2, res;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp1.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp2.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (count > 2)
		copyvalue(vals[2], &tmp2);
	else
		tmp2.v_type = V_NULL;
	if (count > 1)
		copyvalue(vals[1], &tmp1);
	else
		tmp1.v_type = V_NULL;
	apprvalue(vals[0], &tmp1, &tmp2, &res);
	freevalue(&tmp1);
	freevalue(&tmp2);
	return res;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_round(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE tmp1, tmp2, res;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp1.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp2.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (count > 2)
		tmp2 = *vals[2];
	else
		tmp2.v_type = V_NULL;
	if (count > 1)
		tmp1 = *vals[1];
	else
		tmp1.v_type = V_NULL;
	roundvalue(vals[0], &tmp1, &tmp2, &res);
	return res;
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_btrunc(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	NUMBER *val;

	val = qlink(&_qzero_);
	if (count == 2)
		val = vals[1];
	return qbtrunc(*vals, val);
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_quo(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE tmp, res;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (count > 2)
		tmp = *vals[2];
	else
		tmp.v_type = V_NULL;
	quovalue(vals[0], vals[1], &tmp, &res);
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_mod(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE tmp, res;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (count > 2)
		tmp = *vals[2];
	else
		tmp.v_type = V_NULL;
	modvalue(vals[0], vals[1], &tmp, &res);
	return res;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_quomod(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *v1, *v2, *v3, *v4, *v5;
	VALUE result;
	long rnd;
	bool res;
	short s3, s4;	/* to preserve subtypes of v3, v4 */

	v1 = vals[0];
	v2 = vals[1];
	v3 = vals[2];
	v4 = vals[3];

	if (v3->v_type != V_ADDR || v4->v_type != V_ADDR ||
		 v3->v_addr == v4->v_addr)
			return error_value(E_QUOMOD_1);
	if (count == 5) {
		v5 = vals[4];
		if (v5->v_type == V_ADDR)
			v5 = v5->v_addr;
		if (v5->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v5->v_num) ||
			qisneg(v5->v_num) || zge31b(v5->v_num->num))
				return error_value(E_QUOMOD_2);
		rnd = qtoi(v5->v_num);
	} else
		rnd = conf->quomod;

	if (v1->v_type == V_ADDR)
		v1 = v1->v_addr;
	if (v2->v_type == V_ADDR)
		v2 = v2->v_addr;
	v3 = v3->v_addr;
	v4 = v4->v_addr;

	if (v1->v_type != V_NUM || v2->v_type != V_NUM ||
		(v3->v_type != V_NUM && v3->v_type != V_NULL) ||
		(v4->v_type != V_NUM && v4->v_type != V_NULL))
			return error_value(E_QUOMOD_2);

	s3 = v3->v_subtype;
	s4 = v4->v_subtype;

	if ((s3 | s4) & V_NOASSIGNTO)
		return error_value(E_QUOMOD_3);

	freevalue(v3);
	freevalue(v4);

	v3->v_type = V_NUM;
	v4->v_type = V_NUM;

	v3->v_subtype = s3;
	v4->v_subtype = s4;

	res = qquomod(v1->v_num, v2->v_num, &v3->v_num, &v4->v_num, rnd);
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	result.v_num = res ? qlink(&_qone_) : qlink(&_qzero_);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_d2dms(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *v1, *v2, *v3, *v4, *v5;
	NUMBER *tmp, *tmp_m;
	VALUE result;
	long rnd;
	short s2, s3, s4;	/* to preserve subtypes of v2, v3, v4 */

	/* collect required args */
	v1 = vals[0];
	v2 = vals[1];
	v3 = vals[2];
	v4 = vals[3];

	/* determine rounding mode */
	if (count == 5) {
		v5 = vals[4];
		if (v5->v_type == V_ADDR) {
			v5 = v5->v_addr;
		}
		if (v5->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v5->v_num) ||
			qisneg(v5->v_num) || zge31b(v5->v_num->num)) {
				return error_value(E_D2DMS_4);
		}
		rnd = qtoi(v5->v_num);
	} else {
		rnd = conf->quomod;
	}

	/* type parse args */
	if (v2->v_type != V_ADDR || v3->v_type != V_ADDR ||
	    v4->v_type != V_ADDR) {
		return error_value(E_D2DMS_1);
	}
	if (v1->v_type == V_ADDR) {
		v1 = v1->v_addr;
	}
	v2 = v2->v_addr;
	v3 = v3->v_addr;
	v4 = v4->v_addr;
	if (v1->v_type != V_NUM ||
	    (v2->v_type != V_NUM && v2->v_type != V_NULL) ||
	    (v3->v_type != V_NUM && v3->v_type != V_NULL) ||
	    (v4->v_type != V_NUM && v4->v_type != V_NULL)) {
		return error_value(E_D2DMS_2);
	}

	/* remember arg subtypes */
	s2 = v2->v_subtype;
	s3 = v3->v_subtype;
	s4 = v4->v_subtype;
	if ((s2 | s3 | s4) & V_NOASSIGNTO) {
		return error_value(E_D2DMS_3);
	}

	/* free old args that will be modified */
	freevalue(v2);
	freevalue(v3);
	freevalue(v4);

	/* set args that will be modified */
	v2->v_type = V_NUM;
	v3->v_type = V_NUM;
	v4->v_type = V_NUM;

	/* restore arg subtypes */
	v2->v_subtype = s2;
	v3->v_subtype = s3;
	v4->v_subtype = s4;

	/*
	 * calculate the normalized return value
	 *
	 * return_value = mod(degs, 360, rnd);
	 */
	result.v_type = v1->v_type;
	result.v_subtype = v1->v_subtype;
	result.v_num = qmod(v1->v_num, &_qthreesixty, rnd);

	/*
	 * integer number of degrees
	 *
	 * d = int(return_value);
	 */
	v2->v_num = qint(result.v_num);

	/*
	 * integer number of minutes
	 *
	 * tmp = return_value - d;
	 * tmp_m = tmp * 60;
	 * free(tmp);
	 * m = int(tmp_m);
	 */
	tmp = qsub(result.v_num, v2->v_num);
	tmp_m = qmuli(tmp, 60);
	qfree(tmp);
	v3->v_num = qint(tmp_m);

	/*
	 * number of seconds
	 *
	 * tmp = tmp_m - m;
	 * free(tmp_m);
	 * s = tmp * 60;
	 * free(tmp);
	 */
	tmp = qsub(tmp_m, v3->v_num);
	qfree(tmp_m);
	v4->v_num = qmuli(tmp, 60);
	qfree(tmp);

	/*
	 * return the normalized value previously calculated
	 */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_d2dm(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *v1, *v2, *v3, *v4;
	NUMBER *tmp;
	VALUE result;
	long rnd;
	short s2, s3;	/* to preserve subtypes of v2, v3 */

	/* collect required args */
	v1 = vals[0];
	v2 = vals[1];
	v3 = vals[2];

	/* determine rounding mode */
	if (count == 4) {
		v4 = vals[3];
		if (v4->v_type == V_ADDR) {
			v4 = v4->v_addr;
		}
		if (v4->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v4->v_num) ||
			qisneg(v4->v_num) || zge31b(v4->v_num->num)) {
				return error_value(E_D2DM_4);
		}
		rnd = qtoi(v4->v_num);
	} else {
		rnd = conf->quomod;
	}

	/* type parse args */
	if (v2->v_type != V_ADDR || v3->v_type != V_ADDR) {
		return error_value(E_D2DM_1);
	}
	if (v1->v_type == V_ADDR) {
		v1 = v1->v_addr;
	}
	v2 = v2->v_addr;
	v3 = v3->v_addr;
	if (v1->v_type != V_NUM ||
	    (v2->v_type != V_NUM && v2->v_type != V_NULL) ||
	    (v3->v_type != V_NUM && v3->v_type != V_NULL)) {
		return error_value(E_D2DM_2);
	}

	/* remember arg subtypes */
	s2 = v2->v_subtype;
	s3 = v3->v_subtype;
	if ((s2 | s3) & V_NOASSIGNTO) {
		return error_value(E_D2DM_3);
	}

	/* free old args that will be modified */
	freevalue(v2);
	freevalue(v3);

	/* set args that will be modified */
	v2->v_type = V_NUM;
	v3->v_type = V_NUM;

	/* restore arg subtypes */
	v2->v_subtype = s2;
	v3->v_subtype = s3;

	/*
	 * calculate the normalized return value
	 *
	 * return_value = mod(degs, 360, rnd);
	 */
	result.v_type = v1->v_type;
	result.v_subtype = v1->v_subtype;
	result.v_num = qmod(v1->v_num, &_qthreesixty, rnd);

	/*
	 * integer number of degrees
	 *
	 * d = int(return_value);
	 */
	v2->v_num = qint(result.v_num);

	/*
	 * integer number of minutes
	 *
	 * tmp = return_value - d;
	 * m = tmp * 60;
	 * free(tmp);
	 */
	tmp = qsub(result.v_num, v2->v_num);
	v3->v_num = qmuli(tmp, 60);
	qfree(tmp);

	/*
	 * return the normalized value previously calculated
	 */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_g2gms(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *v1, *v2, *v3, *v4, *v5;
	NUMBER *tmp, *tmp_m;
	VALUE result;
	long rnd;
	short s2, s3, s4;	/* to preserve subtypes of v2, v3, v4 */

	/* collect required args */
	v1 = vals[0];
	v2 = vals[1];
	v3 = vals[2];
	v4 = vals[3];

	/* determine rounding mode */
	if (count == 5) {
		v5 = vals[4];
		if (v5->v_type == V_ADDR) {
			v5 = v5->v_addr;
		}
		if (v5->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v5->v_num) ||
			qisneg(v5->v_num) || zge31b(v5->v_num->num)) {
				return error_value(E_G2GMS_4);
		}
		rnd = qtoi(v5->v_num);
	} else {
		rnd = conf->quomod;
	}

	/* type parse args */
	if (v2->v_type != V_ADDR || v3->v_type != V_ADDR ||
	    v4->v_type != V_ADDR) {
		return error_value(E_G2GMS_1);
	}
	if (v1->v_type == V_ADDR) {
		v1 = v1->v_addr;
	}
	v2 = v2->v_addr;
	v3 = v3->v_addr;
	v4 = v4->v_addr;
	if (v1->v_type != V_NUM ||
	    (v2->v_type != V_NUM && v2->v_type != V_NULL) ||
	    (v3->v_type != V_NUM && v3->v_type != V_NULL) ||
	    (v4->v_type != V_NUM && v4->v_type != V_NULL)) {
		return error_value(E_G2GMS_2);
	}

	/* remember arg subtypes */
	s2 = v2->v_subtype;
	s3 = v3->v_subtype;
	s4 = v4->v_subtype;
	if ((s2 | s3 | s4) & V_NOASSIGNTO) {
		return error_value(E_G2GMS_3);
	}

	/* free old args that will be modified */
	freevalue(v2);
	freevalue(v3);
	freevalue(v4);

	/* set args that will be modified */
	v2->v_type = V_NUM;
	v3->v_type = V_NUM;
	v4->v_type = V_NUM;

	/* restore arg subtypes */
	v2->v_subtype = s2;
	v3->v_subtype = s3;
	v4->v_subtype = s4;

	/*
	 * calculate the normalized return value
	 *
	 * return_value = mod(grads, 400, rnd);
	 */
	result.v_type = v1->v_type;
	result.v_subtype = v1->v_subtype;
	result.v_num = qmod(v1->v_num, &_qfourhundred, rnd);

	/*
	 * integer number of gradians
	 *
	 * g = int(return_value);
	 */
	v2->v_num = qint(result.v_num);

	/*
	 * integer number of minutes
	 *
	 * tmp = return_value - g;
	 * tmp_m = tmp * 60;
	 * free(tmp);
	 * m = int(tmp_m);
	 */
	tmp = qsub(result.v_num, v2->v_num);
	tmp_m = qmuli(tmp, 60);
	qfree(tmp);
	v3->v_num = qint(tmp_m);

	/*
	 * number of seconds
	 *
	 * tmp = tmp_m - m;
	 * free(tmp_m);
	 * s = tmp * 60;
	 * free(tmp);
	 */
	tmp = qsub(tmp_m, v3->v_num);
	qfree(tmp_m);
	v4->v_num = qmuli(tmp, 60);
	qfree(tmp);

	/*
	 * return the normalized value previously calculated
	 */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_g2gm(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *v1, *v2, *v3, *v4;
	NUMBER *tmp;
	VALUE result;
	long rnd;
	short s2, s3;	/* to preserve subtypes of v2, v3 */

	/* collect required args */
	v1 = vals[0];
	v2 = vals[1];
	v3 = vals[2];

	/* determine rounding mode */
	if (count == 4) {
		v4 = vals[3];
		if (v4->v_type == V_ADDR) {
			v4 = v4->v_addr;
		}
		if (v4->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v4->v_num) ||
			qisneg(v4->v_num) || zge31b(v4->v_num->num)) {
				return error_value(E_G2GM_4);
		}
		rnd = qtoi(v4->v_num);
	} else {
		rnd = conf->quomod;
	}

	/* type parse args */
	if (v2->v_type != V_ADDR || v3->v_type != V_ADDR) {
		return error_value(E_G2GM_1);
	}
	if (v1->v_type == V_ADDR) {
		v1 = v1->v_addr;
	}
	v2 = v2->v_addr;
	v3 = v3->v_addr;
	if (v1->v_type != V_NUM ||
	    (v2->v_type != V_NUM && v2->v_type != V_NULL) ||
	    (v3->v_type != V_NUM && v3->v_type != V_NULL)) {
		return error_value(E_G2GM_2);
	}

	/* remember arg subtypes */
	s2 = v2->v_subtype;
	s3 = v3->v_subtype;
	if ((s2 | s3) & V_NOASSIGNTO) {
		return error_value(E_G2GM_3);
	}

	/* free old args that will be modified */
	freevalue(v2);
	freevalue(v3);

	/* set args that will be modified */
	v2->v_type = V_NUM;
	v3->v_type = V_NUM;

	/* restore arg subtypes */
	v2->v_subtype = s2;
	v3->v_subtype = s3;

	/*
	 * calculate the normalized return value
	 *
	 * return_value = mod(grads, 400, rnd);
	 */
	result.v_type = v1->v_type;
	result.v_subtype = v1->v_subtype;
	result.v_num = qmod(v1->v_num, &_qfourhundred, rnd);

	/*
	 * integer number of gradians
	 *
	 * g = int(return_value);
	 */
	v2->v_num = qint(result.v_num);

	/*
	 * integer number of minutes
	 *
	 * tmp = return_value - g;
	 * m = tmp * 60;
	 * free(tmp);
	 */
	tmp = qsub(result.v_num, v2->v_num);
	v3->v_num = qmuli(tmp, 60);
	qfree(tmp);

	/*
	 * return the normalized value previously calculated
	 */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_h2hms(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *v1, *v2, *v3, *v4, *v5;
	NUMBER *tmp, *tmp_m;
	VALUE result;
	long rnd;
	short s2, s3, s4;	/* to preserve subtypes of v2, v3, v4 */

	/* collect required args */
	v1 = vals[0];
	v2 = vals[1];
	v3 = vals[2];
	v4 = vals[3];

	/* determine rounding mode */
	if (count == 5) {
		v5 = vals[4];
		if (v5->v_type == V_ADDR) {
			v5 = v5->v_addr;
		}
		if (v5->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v5->v_num) ||
			qisneg(v5->v_num) || zge31b(v5->v_num->num)) {
				return error_value(E_H2HMS_4);
		}
		rnd = qtoi(v5->v_num);
	} else {
		rnd = conf->quomod;
	}

	/* type parse args */
	if (v2->v_type != V_ADDR || v3->v_type != V_ADDR ||
	    v4->v_type != V_ADDR) {
		return error_value(E_H2HMS_1);
	}
	if (v1->v_type == V_ADDR) {
		v1 = v1->v_addr;
	}
	v2 = v2->v_addr;
	v3 = v3->v_addr;
	v4 = v4->v_addr;
	if (v1->v_type != V_NUM ||
	    (v2->v_type != V_NUM && v2->v_type != V_NULL) ||
	    (v3->v_type != V_NUM && v3->v_type != V_NULL) ||
	    (v4->v_type != V_NUM && v4->v_type != V_NULL)) {
		return error_value(E_H2HMS_2);
	}

	/* remember arg subtypes */
	s2 = v2->v_subtype;
	s3 = v3->v_subtype;
	s4 = v4->v_subtype;
	if ((s2 | s3 | s4) & V_NOASSIGNTO) {
		return error_value(E_H2HMS_3);
	}

	/* free old args that will be modified */
	freevalue(v2);
	freevalue(v3);
	freevalue(v4);

	/* set args that will be modified */
	v2->v_type = V_NUM;
	v3->v_type = V_NUM;
	v4->v_type = V_NUM;

	/* restore arg subtypes */
	v2->v_subtype = s2;
	v3->v_subtype = s3;
	v4->v_subtype = s4;

	/*
	 * calculate the normalized return value
	 *
	 * return_value = mod(hours, 24, rnd);
	 */
	result.v_type = v1->v_type;
	result.v_subtype = v1->v_subtype;
	result.v_num = qmod(v1->v_num, &_qtwentyfour, rnd);

	/*
	 * integer number of hours
	 *
	 * h = int(return_value);
	 */
	v2->v_num = qint(result.v_num);

	/*
	 * integer number of minutes
	 *
	 * tmp = return_value - h;
	 * tmp_m = tmp * 60;
	 * free(tmp);
	 * m = int(tmp_m);
	 */
	tmp = qsub(result.v_num, v2->v_num);
	tmp_m = qmuli(tmp, 60);
	qfree(tmp);
	v3->v_num = qint(tmp_m);

	/*
	 * number of seconds
	 *
	 * tmp = tmp_m - m;
	 * free(tmp_m);
	 * s = tmp * 60;
	 * free(tmp);
	 */
	tmp = qsub(tmp_m, v3->v_num);
	qfree(tmp_m);
	v4->v_num = qmuli(tmp, 60);
	qfree(tmp);

	/*
	 * return the normalized value previously calculated
	 */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_h2hm(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *v1, *v2, *v3, *v4;
	NUMBER *tmp;
	VALUE result;
	long rnd;
	short s2, s3;	/* to preserve subtypes of v2, v3 */

	/* collect required args */
	v1 = vals[0];
	v2 = vals[1];
	v3 = vals[2];

	/* determine rounding mode */
	if (count == 4) {
		v4 = vals[3];
		if (v4->v_type == V_ADDR) {
			v4 = v4->v_addr;
		}
		if (v4->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v4->v_num) ||
			qisneg(v4->v_num) || zge31b(v4->v_num->num)) {
				return error_value(E_H2HM_4);
		}
		rnd = qtoi(v4->v_num);
	} else {
		rnd = conf->quomod;
	}

	/* type parse args */
	if (v2->v_type != V_ADDR || v3->v_type != V_ADDR) {
		return error_value(E_H2HM_1);
	}
	if (v1->v_type == V_ADDR) {
		v1 = v1->v_addr;
	}
	v2 = v2->v_addr;
	v3 = v3->v_addr;
	if (v1->v_type != V_NUM ||
	    (v2->v_type != V_NUM && v2->v_type != V_NULL) ||
	    (v3->v_type != V_NUM && v3->v_type != V_NULL)) {
		return error_value(E_H2HM_2);
	}

	/* remember arg subtypes */
	s2 = v2->v_subtype;
	s3 = v3->v_subtype;
	if ((s2 | s3) & V_NOASSIGNTO) {
		return error_value(E_H2HM_3);
	}

	/* free old args that will be modified */
	freevalue(v2);
	freevalue(v3);

	/* set args that will be modified */
	v2->v_type = V_NUM;
	v3->v_type = V_NUM;

	/* restore arg subtypes */
	v2->v_subtype = s2;
	v3->v_subtype = s3;

	/*
	 * calculate the normalized return value
	 *
	 * return_value = mod(hours, 24, rnd);
	 */
	result.v_type = v1->v_type;
	result.v_subtype = v1->v_subtype;
	result.v_num = qmod(v1->v_num, &_qtwentyfour, rnd);

	/*
	 * integer number of gradians
	 *
	 * h = int(return_value);
	 */
	v2->v_num = qint(result.v_num);

	/*
	 * integer number of minutes
	 *
	 * tmp = return_value - h;
	 * m = tmp * 60;
	 * free(tmp);
	 */
	tmp = qsub(result.v_num, v2->v_num);
	v3->v_num = qmuli(tmp, 60);
	qfree(tmp);

	/*
	 * return the normalized value previously calculated
	 */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_dms2d(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *v1, *v2, *v3, *v4;
	NUMBER *tmp, *tmp2, *tmp3, *tmp4;
	VALUE result;
	long rnd;

	/* collect required args */
	v1 = vals[0];
	v2 = vals[1];
	v3 = vals[2];

	/* determine rounding mode */
	if (count == 4) {
		v4 = vals[3];
		if (v4->v_type == V_ADDR) {
			v4 = v4->v_addr;
		}
		if (v4->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v4->v_num) ||
			qisneg(v4->v_num) || zge31b(v4->v_num->num)) {
				return error_value(E_DMS2D_2);
		}
		rnd = qtoi(v4->v_num);
	} else {
		rnd = conf->quomod;
	}

	/* type parse args */
	if (v1->v_type != V_NUM || v2->v_type != V_NUM ||
	    v3->v_type != V_NUM) {
		return error_value(E_DMS2D_1);
	}

	/*
	 * compute s/3600
	 */
	tmp = qdivi(v3->v_num, 3600);

	/*
	 * compute m/60
	 */
	tmp2 = qdivi(v2->v_num, 60);

	/*
	 * compute m/60 + s/3600
	 */
	tmp3 = qqadd(tmp2, tmp);
	qfree(tmp);
	qfree(tmp2);

	/*
	 * compute d + m/60 + s/3600
	 */
	tmp4 = qqadd(v1->v_num, tmp3);
	qfree(tmp3);

	/*
	 * compute mod(d + m/60 + s/3600, 360, rnd);
	 */
	result.v_type = v1->v_type;
	result.v_subtype = v1->v_subtype;
	result.v_num = qmod(tmp4, &_qthreesixty, rnd);
	qfree(tmp4);

	/*
	 * return  mod(d + m/60 + s/3600, 360, rnd);
	 */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_dm2d(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *v1, *v2, *v3;
	NUMBER *tmp, *tmp2;
	VALUE result;
	long rnd;

	/* collect required args */
	v1 = vals[0];
	v2 = vals[1];

	/* determine rounding mode */
	if (count == 3) {
		v3 = vals[2];
		if (v3->v_type == V_ADDR) {
			v3 = v3->v_addr;
		}
		if (v3->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v3->v_num) ||
			qisneg(v3->v_num) || zge31b(v3->v_num->num)) {
				return error_value(E_DM2D_2);
		}
		rnd = qtoi(v3->v_num);
	} else {
		rnd = conf->quomod;
	}

	/* type parse args */
	if (v1->v_type != V_NUM || v2->v_type != V_NUM) {
		return error_value(E_DM2D_1);
	}

	/*
	 * compute m/60
	 */
	tmp = qdivi(v2->v_num, 60);

	/*
	 * compute d + m/60
	 */
	tmp2 = qqadd(v1->v_num, tmp);
	qfree(tmp);

	/*
	 * compute mod(d + m/60, 360, rnd);
	 */
	result.v_type = v1->v_type;
	result.v_subtype = v1->v_subtype;
	result.v_num = qmod(tmp2, &_qthreesixty, rnd);
	qfree(tmp2);

	/*
	 * return mod(d + m/60, 360, rnd);
	 */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_gms2g(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *v1, *v2, *v3, *v4;
	NUMBER *tmp, *tmp2, *tmp3, *tmp4;
	VALUE result;
	long rnd;

	/* collect required args */
	v1 = vals[0];
	v2 = vals[1];
	v3 = vals[2];

	/* determine rounding mode */
	if (count == 4) {
		v4 = vals[3];
		if (v4->v_type == V_ADDR) {
			v4 = v4->v_addr;
		}
		if (v4->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v4->v_num) ||
			qisneg(v4->v_num) || zge31b(v4->v_num->num)) {
				return error_value(E_GMS2G_2);
		}
		rnd = qtoi(v4->v_num);
	} else {
		rnd = conf->quomod;
	}

	/* type parse args */
	if (v1->v_type != V_NUM || v2->v_type != V_NUM ||
	    v3->v_type != V_NUM) {
		return error_value(E_GMS2G_1);
	}

	/*
	 * compute s/3600
	 */
	tmp = qdivi(v3->v_num, 3600);

	/*
	 * compute m/60
	 */
	tmp2 = qdivi(v2->v_num, 60);

	/*
	 * compute m/60 + s/3600
	 */
	tmp3 = qqadd(tmp2, tmp);
	qfree(tmp);
	qfree(tmp2);

	/*
	 * compute g + m/60 + s/3600
	 */
	tmp4 = qqadd(v1->v_num, tmp3);
	qfree(tmp3);

	/*
	 * compute mod(g + m/60 + s/3600, 400, rnd);
	 */
	result.v_type = v1->v_type;
	result.v_subtype = v1->v_subtype;
	result.v_num = qmod(tmp4, &_qfourhundred, rnd);
	qfree(tmp4);

	/*
	 * return mod(g + m/60 + s/3600, 400, rnd);
	 */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_gm2g(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *v1, *v2, *v3;
	NUMBER *tmp, *tmp2;
	VALUE result;
	long rnd;

	/* collect required args */
	v1 = vals[0];
	v2 = vals[1];

	/* determine rounding mode */
	if (count == 3) {
		v3 = vals[2];
		if (v3->v_type == V_ADDR) {
			v3 = v3->v_addr;
		}
		if (v3->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v3->v_num) ||
			qisneg(v3->v_num) || zge31b(v3->v_num->num)) {
				return error_value(E_GM2G_2);
		}
		rnd = qtoi(v3->v_num);
	} else {
		rnd = conf->quomod;
	}

	/* type parse args */
	if (v1->v_type != V_NUM || v2->v_type != V_NUM) {
		return error_value(E_GM2G_1);
	}

	/*
	 * compute m/60
	 */
	tmp = qdivi(v2->v_num, 60);

	/*
	 * compute g + m/60
	 */
	tmp2 = qqadd(v1->v_num, tmp);
	qfree(tmp);

	/*
	 * compute mod(g + m/60, 400, rnd);
	 */
	result.v_type = v1->v_type;
	result.v_subtype = v1->v_subtype;
	result.v_num = qmod(tmp2, &_qfourhundred, rnd);
	qfree(tmp2);

	/*
	 * return mod(g + m/60, 400, rnd);
	 */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_hms2h(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *v1, *v2, *v3, *v4;
	NUMBER *tmp, *tmp2, *tmp3, *tmp4;
	VALUE result;
	long rnd;

	/* collect required args */
	v1 = vals[0];
	v2 = vals[1];
	v3 = vals[2];

	/* determine rounding mode */
	if (count == 4) {
		v4 = vals[3];
		if (v4->v_type == V_ADDR) {
			v4 = v4->v_addr;
		}
		if (v4->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v4->v_num) ||
			qisneg(v4->v_num) || zge31b(v4->v_num->num)) {
				return error_value(E_HMS2H_2);
		}
		rnd = qtoi(v4->v_num);
	} else {
		rnd = conf->quomod;
	}

	/* type parse args */
	if (v1->v_type != V_NUM || v2->v_type != V_NUM ||
	    v3->v_type != V_NUM) {
		return error_value(E_HMS2H_1);
	}

	/*
	 * compute s/3600
	 */
	tmp = qdivi(v3->v_num, 3600);

	/*
	 * compute m/60
	 */
	tmp2 = qdivi(v2->v_num, 60);

	/*
	 * compute m/60 + s/3600
	 */
	tmp3 = qqadd(tmp2, tmp);
	qfree(tmp);
	qfree(tmp2);

	/*
	 * compute h + m/60 + s/3600
	 */
	tmp4 = qqadd(v1->v_num, tmp3);
	qfree(tmp3);

	/*
	 * compute mod(h + m/60 + s/3600, 24, rnd);
	 */
	result.v_type = v1->v_type;
	result.v_subtype = v1->v_subtype;
	result.v_num = qmod(tmp4, &_qtwentyfour, rnd);
	qfree(tmp4);

	/*
	 * return mod(d + m/60 + s/3600, 24, rnd);
	 */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_hm2h(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *v1, *v2, *v3;
	NUMBER *tmp, *tmp2;
	VALUE result;
	long rnd;

	/* collect required args */
	v1 = vals[0];
	v2 = vals[1];

	/* determine rounding mode */
	if (count == 3) {
		v3 = vals[2];
		if (v3->v_type == V_ADDR) {
			v3 = v3->v_addr;
		}
		if (v3->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v3->v_num) ||
			qisneg(v3->v_num) || zge31b(v3->v_num->num)) {
				return error_value(E_H2HM_2);
		}
		rnd = qtoi(v3->v_num);
	} else {
		rnd = conf->quomod;
	}

	/* type parse args */
	if (v1->v_type != V_NUM || v2->v_type != V_NUM) {
		return error_value(E_H2HM_1);
	}

	/*
	 * compute m/60
	 */
	tmp = qdivi(v2->v_num, 60);

	/*
	 * compute d + m/60
	 */
	tmp2 = qqadd(v1->v_num, tmp);
	qfree(tmp);

	/*
	 * compute mod(h + m/60, 24, rnd);
	 */
	result.v_type = v1->v_type;
	result.v_subtype = v1->v_subtype;
	result.v_num = qmod(tmp2, &_qtwentyfour, rnd);
	qfree(tmp2);

	/*
	 * return mod(h + m/60, 24, rnd);
	 */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_mmin(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	VALUE sixteen, res;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	sixteen.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	sixteen.v_type = V_NUM;
	sixteen.v_num = itoq(16);
	modvalue(v1, v2, &sixteen, &res);
	qfree(sixteen.v_num);
	return res;
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_near(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	NUMBER *err;		/* epsilon error tolerance */
	FLAG near;		/* qnear() return value */
	NUMBER *ret;		/* return value as NUMBER */

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	err = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 3) {
		if (check_epsilon(vals[2]) == false) {
			math_error("Invalid value for near epsilon: must be: 0 < epsilon < 1");
			not_reached();
		}
		err = vals[2];
	}

	/*
	 * compute compare nearness of two numbers to a given error tolerance
	 */
	near = qnear(vals[0], vals[1], err);
	ret = itoq((long) near);
	return ret;
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_cfsim(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	long R;

	R = (count > 1) ? qtoi(vals[1]) : conf->cfsim;
	return qcfsim(vals[0], R);
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_cfappr(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	long R;
	NUMBER *q;	/* approximation limit */

	/*
	 * determine epsilon or and approximation limit
	 *
	 * NOTE: q is not purely an err (epsilon) value.
	 *	 When q is >= 1, it is approximation limit.
	 *	 Moreover q can be < 0.  No value check on q is needed.
	 */
	q = (count > 1) ? vals[1] : conf->epsilon;

	/*
	 * compute approximation using continued fractions
	 */
	R = (count > 2) ? qtoi(vals[2]) : conf->cfappr;
	return qcfappr(vals[0], q, R);
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_ceil(VALUE *val)
{
	VALUE tmp, res;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	tmp.v_type = V_NUM;
	tmp.v_num = qlink(&_qone_);
	apprvalue(val, &tmp, &tmp, &res);
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_floor(VALUE *val)
{
	VALUE tmp1, tmp2, res;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp1.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp2.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	tmp1.v_type = V_NUM;
	tmp1.v_num = qlink(&_qone_);
	tmp2.v_type = V_NUM;
	tmp2.v_num = qlink(&_qzero_);
	apprvalue(val, &tmp1, &tmp2, &res);
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_sqrt(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE tmp1, tmp2, result;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp1.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	tmp2.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (count > 2)
		tmp2 = *vals[2];
	else
		tmp2.v_type = V_NULL;
	if (count > 1)
		tmp1 = *vals[1];
	else
		tmp1.v_type = V_NULL;
	sqrtvalue(vals[0], &tmp1, &tmp2, &result);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_root(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *vp, err, result;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	err.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is != 0.
	 */
	if (count > 2) {
		vp = vals[2];
	} else {
		err.v_num = conf->epsilon;
		err.v_type = V_NUM;
		vp = &err;
	}
	if (vp->v_type != V_NUM || qiszero(vp->v_num)) {
		return error_value(E_ROOT_3);
	}

	/*
	 * compute root of a number to a given error tolerance
	 */
	rootvalue(vals[0], vals[1], vp, &result);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_power(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *vp, err, result;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	err.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is != 0.
	 */
	if (count > 2) {
		vp = vals[2];
	} else {
		err.v_num = conf->epsilon;
		err.v_type = V_NUM;
		vp = &err;
	}
	if ((vp->v_type != V_NUM) || qisneg(vp->v_num) || qiszero(vp->v_num)) {
		return error_value(E_POWER_3);
	}

	/*
	 * compute evaluate a numerical power to a given error tolerance
	 */
	powervalue(vals[0], vals[1], vp, &result);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_polar(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *vp, err, result;
	COMPLEX *c;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	err.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is != 0.
	 */
	if (count > 2) {
		vp = vals[2];
		if ((vp->v_type != V_NUM) || qisneg(vp->v_num) || qiszero(vp->v_num)) {
			return error_value(E_POLAR_2);
		}
	} else {
		err.v_num = conf->epsilon;
		err.v_type = V_NUM;
		vp = &err;
	}
	if ((vp->v_type != V_NUM) || qisneg(vp->v_num) || qiszero(vp->v_num)) {
		return error_value(E_POLAR_2);
	}

	/*
	 * compute complex number by modulus (radius) and argument (angle) to a given error tolerance
	 */
	if ((vals[0]->v_type != V_NUM) || (vals[1]->v_type != V_NUM))
		return error_value(E_POLAR_1);
	c = c_polar(vals[0]->v_num, vals[1]->v_num, vp->v_num);
	result.v_com = c;
	result.v_type = V_COM;
	if (cisreal(c)) {
		result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_ilog(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	VALUE res;

	if (v2->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v2->v_num) || qiszero(v2->v_num) ||
			qisunit(v2->v_num))
		return error_value(E_ILOGB);

	switch(v1->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		res.v_num = qilog(v1->v_num, v2->v_num->num);
		break;
	case V_COM:
		res.v_num = c_ilog(v1->v_com, v2->v_num->num);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ILOG);
	}

	if (res.v_num == NULL)
		return error_value(E_LOGINF);

	res.v_type = V_NUM;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_ilog2(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE res;

	switch(vp->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		res.v_num = qilog(vp->v_num, _two_);
		break;
	case V_COM:
		res.v_num = c_ilog(vp->v_com, _two_);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_IBASE2_LOG);
	}

	if (res.v_num == NULL)
		return error_value(E_LOGINF);

	res.v_type = V_NUM;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_ilog10(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE res;

	switch(vp->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		res.v_num = qilog(vp->v_num, _ten_);
		break;
	case V_COM:
		res.v_num = c_ilog(vp->v_com, _ten_);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_IBASE10_LOG);
	}

	if (res.v_num == NULL)
		return error_value(E_LOGINF);

	res.v_type = V_NUM;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	return res;
}


S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_faccnt(NUMBER *val1, NUMBER *val2)
{
	if (qisfrac(val1) || qisfrac(val2))
		math_error("Non-integral argument for fcnt");
	return itoq(zdivcount(val1->num, val2->num));
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_matfill(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *v1, *v2, *v3;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	v1 = vals[0];
	v2 = vals[1];
	if (v1->v_type != V_ADDR)
		return error_value(E_MATFILL_1);
	v1 = v1->v_addr;
	if (v1->v_subtype & V_NOCOPYTO)
		return error_value(E_MATFILL_3);
	if (v1->v_type != V_MAT)
		return error_value(E_MATFILL_2);
	if (v2->v_type == V_ADDR)
		v2 = v2->v_addr;
	if (v2->v_subtype & V_NOASSIGNFROM)
		return error_value(E_MATFILL_4);
	if (count == 3) {
		v3 = vals[2];
		if (v3->v_type == V_ADDR)
			v3 = v3->v_addr;
		if (v3->v_subtype & V_NOASSIGNFROM)
			return error_value(E_MATFILL_4);
	}
	else
		v3 = NULL;
	matfill(v1->v_mat, v2, v3);
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_matsum(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/* firewall */
	if (vp->v_type != V_MAT)
		return error_value(E_MATSUM);

	/* sum matrix */
	matsum(vp->v_mat, &result);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_isident(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vp->v_type == V_MAT) {
		result.v_num = itoq((long) matisident(vp->v_mat));
	} else {
		result.v_num = itoq(0);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_mattrace(VALUE *vp)
{
	if (vp->v_type != V_MAT)
		return error_value(E_MATTRACE_1);
	return mattrace(vp->v_mat);
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_mattrans(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vp->v_type != V_MAT)
		return error_value(E_MATTRANS_1);
	if (vp->v_mat->m_dim > 2)
		return error_value(E_MATTRANS_2);
	result.v_type = V_MAT;
	result.v_mat = mattrans(vp->v_mat);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_det(VALUE *vp)
{
	if (vp->v_type != V_MAT)
		return error_value(E_DET_1);

	return matdet(vp->v_mat);
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_matdim(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	switch(vp->v_type) {
	case V_OBJ:
		result.v_num = itoq(vp->v_obj->o_actions->oa_count);
		break;
	case V_MAT:
		result.v_num = itoq((long) vp->v_mat->m_dim);
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_MATDIM);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_matmin(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	VALUE result;
	NUMBER *q;
	long i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (v1->v_type != V_MAT)
		return error_value(E_MATMIN_1);
	if (v2->v_type != V_NUM)
		return error_value(E_MATMIN_2);
	q = v2->v_num;
	if (qisfrac(q) || qisneg(q) || qiszero(q))
		return error_value(E_MATMIN_2);
	i = qtoi(q);
	if (i > v1->v_mat->m_dim)
		return error_value(E_MATMIN_3);
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq(v1->v_mat->m_min[i - 1]);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_matmax(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	VALUE result;
	NUMBER *q;
	long i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (v1->v_type != V_MAT)
		return error_value(E_MATMAX_1);
	if (v2->v_type != V_NUM)
		return error_value(E_MATMAX_2);
	q = v2->v_num;
	if (qisfrac(q) || qisneg(q) || qiszero(q))
		return error_value(E_MATMAX_2);
	i = qtoi(q);
	if (i > v1->v_mat->m_dim)
		return error_value(E_MATMAX_3);
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq(v1->v_mat->m_max[i - 1]);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_cp(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	MATRIX *m1, *m2;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if ((v1->v_type != V_MAT) || (v2->v_type != V_MAT))
		return error_value(E_CP_1);
	m1 = v1->v_mat;
	m2 = v2->v_mat;
	if ((m1->m_dim != 1) || (m2->m_dim != 1))
		return error_value(E_CP_2);
	if ((m1->m_size != 3) || (m2->m_size != 3))
		return error_value(E_CP_3);
	result.v_type = V_MAT;
	result.v_mat = matcross(m1, m2);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_dp(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	MATRIX *m1, *m2;

	if ((v1->v_type != V_MAT) || (v2->v_type != V_MAT))
		return error_value(E_DP_1);
	m1 = v1->v_mat;
	m2 = v2->v_mat;
	if ((m1->m_dim != 1) || (m2->m_dim != 1))
		return error_value(E_DP_2);
	if (m1->m_size != m2->m_size)
		return error_value(E_DP_3);
	return matdot(m1, m2);
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_strlen(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;
	long len = 0;
	char *c;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vp->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_STRLEN);
	c = vp->v_str->s_str;
	while (*c++)
		len++;
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq(len);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_strcmp(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	VALUE result;
	FLAG flag;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (v1->v_type != V_STR || v2->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_STRCMP);

	flag = stringrel(v1->v_str, v2->v_str);

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq((long) flag);
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_strcasecmp(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	VALUE result;
	FLAG flag;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (v1->v_type != V_STR || v2->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_STRCASECMP);

	flag = stringcaserel(v1->v_str, v2->v_str);

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq((long) flag);
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_strncmp(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2, VALUE *v3)
{
	long n1, n2, n;
	FLAG flag;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (v1->v_type != V_STR || v2->v_type != V_STR ||
		v3->v_type != V_NUM || qisneg(v3->v_num) ||
		qisfrac(v3->v_num) || zge31b(v3->v_num->num))
			return error_value(E_STRNCMP);
	n1 = v1->v_str->s_len;
	n2 = v2->v_str->s_len;
	n = qtoi(v3->v_num);
	if (n < n1)
		v1->v_str->s_len = n;
	if (n < n2)
		v2->v_str->s_len = n;

	flag = stringrel(v1->v_str, v2->v_str);

	v1->v_str->s_len = n1;
	v2->v_str->s_len = n2;

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq((long) flag);
	return result;
}
S_FUNC VALUE
f_strncasecmp(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2, VALUE *v3)
{
	long n1, n2, n;
	FLAG flag;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (v1->v_type != V_STR || v2->v_type != V_STR ||
		v3->v_type != V_NUM || qisneg(v3->v_num) ||
		qisfrac(v3->v_num) || zge31b(v3->v_num->num))
			return error_value(E_STRNCASECMP);
	n1 = v1->v_str->s_len;
	n2 = v2->v_str->s_len;
	n = qtoi(v3->v_num);
	if (n < n1)
		v1->v_str->s_len = n;
	if (n < n2)
		v2->v_str->s_len = n;

	flag = stringcaserel(v1->v_str, v2->v_str);

	v1->v_str->s_len = n1;
	v2->v_str->s_len = n2;

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq((long) flag);
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_strtoupper(VALUE *vp)
{
        VALUE result;

        /* initialize VALUE */
        result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

        if (vp->v_type != V_STR)
                return error_value(E_STRTOUPPER);

        result.v_str  = stringtoupper(vp->v_str);
        result.v_type = V_STR;
        return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_strtolower(VALUE *vp)
{
        VALUE result;

        /* initialize VALUE */
        result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

        if (vp->v_type != V_STR)
                return error_value(E_STRTOLOWER);

        result.v_str  = stringtolower(vp->v_str);
        result.v_type = V_STR;
        return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_strcat(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE **vp;
	char *c, *c1;
	int i;
	long len;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	len = 0;
	result.v_type = V_STR;
	vp = vals;
	for (i = 0; i < count; i++, vp++) {
		if ((*vp)->v_type != V_STR)
			return error_value(E_STRCAT);
		c = (*vp)->v_str->s_str;
		while (*c++)
			len++;
	}
	if (len == 0) {
		result.v_str = slink(&_nullstring_);
		return result;
	}
	c = (char *) malloc(len + 1) ;
	if (c == NULL) {
		math_error("No memory for strcat");
		not_reached();
	}
	result.v_str = stralloc();
	result.v_str->s_str = c;
	result.v_str->s_len = len;
	for (vp = vals; count-- > 0; vp++) {
		c1 = (*vp)->v_str->s_str;
		while (*c1)
			*c++ = *c1++;
	}
	*c = '\0';
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_strcpy(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (v1->v_type != V_STR || v2->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_STRCPY);
	result.v_str = stringcpy(v1->v_str, v2->v_str);
	result.v_type = V_STR;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_strncpy(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2, VALUE *v3)
{
	VALUE result;
	long num;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (v1->v_type != V_STR || v2->v_type != V_STR ||
		v3->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v3->v_num) || qisneg(v3->v_num))
			return error_value(E_STRNCPY);
	if (zge31b(v3->v_num->num))
		num = v2->v_str->s_len;
	else
		num = qtoi(v3->v_num);
	result.v_str = stringncpy(v1->v_str, v2->v_str, num);
	result.v_type = V_STR;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_substr(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2, VALUE *v3)
{
	NUMBER *q1, *q2;
	size_t start, len;
	char *cp;
	char *ccp;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (v1->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_SUBSTR_1);
	if ((v2->v_type != V_NUM) || (v3->v_type != V_NUM))
		return error_value(E_SUBSTR_2);
	q1 = v2->v_num;
	q2 = v3->v_num;
	if (qisfrac(q1) || qisneg(q1) || qisfrac(q2) || qisneg(q2))
		return error_value(E_SUBSTR_2);
	start = qtoi(q1);
	len = qtoi(q2);
	if (start > 0)
		start--;
	result.v_type = V_STR;
	if (start >= v1->v_str->s_len || len == 0) {
		result.v_str = slink(&_nullstring_);
		return result;
	}
	if (len > v1->v_str->s_len - start)
		len = v1->v_str->s_len - start;
	cp = v1->v_str->s_str + start;
	ccp = (char *) malloc(len + 1);
	if (ccp == NULL) {
		math_error("No memory for substr");
		not_reached();
	}
	result.v_str = stralloc();
	result.v_str->s_len = len;
	result.v_str->s_str = ccp;
	while (len-- > 0)
		*ccp++ = *cp++;
	*ccp = '\0';
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_char(VALUE *vp)
{
	char ch;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	switch(vp->v_type) {
	case V_NUM:
		if (qisfrac(vp->v_num))
			return error_value(E_CHAR);
		ch = (char) vp->v_num->num.v[0];
		if (qisneg(vp->v_num))
			ch = -ch;
		break;
	case V_OCTET:
		ch = *vp->v_octet;
		break;
	case V_STR:
		ch = *vp->v_str->s_str;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_CHAR);
	}
	result.v_type = V_STR;
	result.v_str = charstring(ch);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_ord(VALUE *vp)
{
	OCTET *c;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	switch(vp->v_type) {
	case V_STR:
		c = (OCTET *)vp->v_str->s_str;
		break;
	case V_OCTET:
		c = vp->v_octet;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ORD);
	}

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq((long) (*c & 0xff));
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_isupper(VALUE *vp)
{
	char c;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	switch(vp->v_type) {
	case V_STR:
		c = *vp->v_str->s_str;
		break;
	case V_OCTET:
		c = *vp->v_octet;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ISUPPER);
	}

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq( (isupper( c ))?1l:0l);
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_islower(VALUE *vp)
{
	char c;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	switch(vp->v_type) {
	case V_STR:
		c = *vp->v_str->s_str;
		break;
	case V_OCTET:
		c = *vp->v_octet;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ISLOWER);
	}

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq( (islower( c ))?1l:0l);
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_isalnum(VALUE *vp)
{
	char c;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	switch(vp->v_type) {
	case V_STR:
		c = *vp->v_str->s_str;
		break;
	case V_OCTET:
		c = *vp->v_octet;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ISALNUM);
	}

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq( (isalnum( c ))?1l:0l);
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_isalpha(VALUE *vp)
{
	char c;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	switch(vp->v_type) {
	case V_STR:
		c = *vp->v_str->s_str;
		break;
	case V_OCTET:
		c = *vp->v_octet;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ISALPHA);
	}

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq( (isalpha( c ))?1l:0l);
	return result;
}

#if 0 /* XXX - add isascii builtin funcion - XXX */
S_FUNC VALUE
f_isascii(VALUE *vp)
{
	char c;
	VALUE result;

	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	switch(vp->v_type) {
	case V_STR:
		c = *vp->v_str->s_str;
		break;
	case V_OCTET:
		c = *vp->v_octet;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ISASCII);
	}

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq( (isascii( c ))?1l:0l);
	return result;
}
#endif /* 0 */

S_FUNC VALUE
f_iscntrl(VALUE *vp)
{
	char c;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	switch(vp->v_type) {
	case V_STR:
		c = *vp->v_str->s_str;
		break;
	case V_OCTET:
		c = *vp->v_octet;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ISCNTRL);
	}

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq( (iscntrl( c ))?1l:0l);
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_isdigit(VALUE *vp)
{
	char c;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	switch(vp->v_type) {
	case V_STR:
		c = *vp->v_str->s_str;
		break;
	case V_OCTET:
		c = *vp->v_octet;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ISDIGIT);
	}

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq( (isdigit( c ))?1l:0l);
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_isgraph(VALUE *vp)
{
	char c;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	switch(vp->v_type) {
	case V_STR:
		c = *vp->v_str->s_str;
		break;
	case V_OCTET:
		c = *vp->v_octet;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ISGRAPH);
	}

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq( (isgraph( c ))?1l:0l);
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_isprint(VALUE *vp)
{
	char c;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	switch(vp->v_type) {
	case V_STR:
		c = *vp->v_str->s_str;
		break;
	case V_OCTET:
		c = *vp->v_octet;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ISPRINT);
	}

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq( (isprint( c ))?1l:0l);
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_ispunct(VALUE *vp)
{
	char c;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	switch(vp->v_type) {
	case V_STR:
		c = *vp->v_str->s_str;
		break;
	case V_OCTET:
		c = *vp->v_octet;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ISPUNCT);
	}

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq( (ispunct( c ))?1l:0l);
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_isspace(VALUE *vp)
{
	char c;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	switch(vp->v_type) {
	case V_STR:
		c = *vp->v_str->s_str;
		break;
	case V_OCTET:
		c = *vp->v_octet;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ISSPACE);
	}

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq( (isspace( c ))?1l:0l);
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_isxdigit(VALUE *vp)
{
	char c;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	switch(vp->v_type) {
	case V_STR:
		c = *vp->v_str->s_str;
		break;
	case V_OCTET:
		c = *vp->v_octet;
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_ISXDIGIT);
	}

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq( (isxdigit( c ))?1l:0l);
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_protect(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	int i, depth;
	VALUE *v1, *v2, *v3;

	VALUE result;
	bool have_nblock;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	v1 = vals[0];
	have_nblock = (v1->v_type == V_NBLOCK);
	if (!have_nblock) {
		if (v1->v_type != V_ADDR)
			return error_value(E_PROTECT_1);
		v1 = v1->v_addr;
	}
	if (count == 1) {
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		if (have_nblock)
			result.v_num = itoq(v1->v_nblock->subtype);
		else
			result.v_num = itoq(v1->v_subtype);
		return result;
	}
	v2 = vals[1];
	if (v2->v_type == V_ADDR)
		v2 = v2->v_addr;
	if (v2->v_type != V_NUM||qisfrac(v2->v_num)||zge16b(v2->v_num->num))
		return error_value(E_PROTECT_2);
	i = qtoi(v2->v_num);
	depth = 0;
	if (count > 2) {
		v3 = vals[2];
		if (v3->v_type == V_ADDR)
			v3 = v3->v_addr;
		if (v3->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v3->v_num) ||
				qisneg(v3->v_num) || zge31b(v3->v_num->num))
			return error_value(E_PROTECT_3);
		depth = qtoi(v3->v_num);
	}
	protecttodepth(v1, i, depth);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_size(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * return information about the number of elements
	 *
	 * This is not the sizeof, see f_sizeof() for that information.
	 * This is not the memsize, see f_memsize() for that information.
	 *
	 * The size of a file is treated in a special way ... we do
	 * not use the number of elements, but rather the length
	 * of the file as would be reported by fsize().
	 */
	if (vp->v_type == V_FILE) {
		return f_fsize(vp);
	} else {
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		result.v_num = itoq(elm_count(vp));
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_sizeof(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * return information about memory footprint
	 *
	 * This is not the number of elements, see f_size() for that info.
	 * This is not the memsize, see f_memsize() for that information.
	 */
	result.v_num = itoq(lsizeof(vp));
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_memsize(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * return information about memory footprint
	 *
	 * This is not the number of elements, see f_size() for that info.
	 * This is not the sizeof, see f_sizeof() for that information.
	 */
	result.v_num = itoq(memsize(vp));
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_search(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *v1, *v2, *v3, *v4;
	NUMBER *start, *end;
	VALUE vsize;
	NUMBER *size;
	ZVALUE pos;
	ZVALUE indx;
	long len;
	ZVALUE zlen, tmp;
	VALUE result;
	long l_start = 0, l_end = 0;
	int i = 0;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	vsize.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	v1 = *vals++;
	v2 = *vals++;
	if ((v1->v_type == V_FILE || v1->v_type == V_STR) &&
		 v2->v_type != V_STR)
			return error_value(E_SEARCH_2);
	start = end = NULL;
	if (count > 2) {
		v3 = *vals++;
		if (v3->v_type != V_NUM && v3->v_type != V_NULL)
			return error_value(E_SEARCH_3);
		if (v3->v_type == V_NUM) {
			start = v3->v_num;
			if (qisfrac(start))
				return error_value(E_SEARCH_3);
		}
	}
	if (count > 3) {
		v4 = *vals;
		if (v4->v_type != V_NUM && v4->v_type != V_NULL)
			return error_value(E_SEARCH_4);
		if (v4->v_type == V_NUM) {
			end = v4->v_num;
			if (qisfrac(end))
				return error_value(E_SEARCH_4);
		}
	}
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	vsize = f_size(v1);
	if (vsize.v_type != V_NUM)
		return error_value(E_SEARCH_5);
	size = vsize.v_num;
	if (start) {
		if (qisneg(start)) {
			start = qqadd(size, start);
			if (qisneg(start)) {
				qfree(start);
				start = qlink(&_qzero_);
			}
		} else {
			start = qlink(start);
		}
	}
	if (end) {
		if (!qispos(end)) {
			end = qqadd(size, end);
		} else {
			if (qrel(end, size) > 0)
				end = qlink(size);
			else
				end = qlink(end);
		}
	}
	if (v1->v_type == V_FILE) {
		if (count == 2|| (count == 4 &&
				 (start == NULL || end == NULL))) {
			i = ftellid(v1->v_file, &pos);
			if (i < 0) {
				qfree(size);
				if (start)
					qfree(start);
				if (end)
					qfree(end);
				return error_value(E_SEARCH_5);
			}
			if (count == 2 || (count == 4 && end != NULL)) {
				start = qalloc();
				start->num = pos;
			} else {
				end = qalloc();
				end->num = pos;
			}
		}
		if (start == NULL)
			start = qlink(&_qzero_);
		if (end == NULL)
			end = size;
		else
			qfree(size);
		len = v2->v_str->s_len;
		utoz(len, &zlen);
		zsub(end->num, zlen, &tmp);
		zfree(zlen);
		i = fsearch(v1->v_file, v2->v_str->s_str,
			 start->num, tmp, &indx);
		zfree(tmp);
		if (i == 2) {
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
			result.v_num = start;
			qfree(end);
			return result;
		}
		qfree(start);
		qfree(end);
		if (i == EOF)
			return error_value(errno);
		if (i < 0)
			return error_value(E_SEARCH_6);
		if (i == 0) {
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
			result.v_num = qalloc();
			result.v_num->num = indx;
		}
		return result;
	}
	if (start == NULL)
		start = qlink(&_qzero_);
	if (end == NULL)
		end = qlink(size);
	if (qrel(start, end) >= 0) {
		qfree(size);
		qfree(start);
		qfree(end);
		return result;
	}
	qfree(size);
	l_start = ztolong(start->num);
	l_end = ztolong(end->num);
	switch (v1->v_type) {
	case V_MAT:
		i = matsearch(v1->v_mat, v2, l_start, l_end, &indx);
		break;
	case V_LIST:
		i = listsearch(v1->v_list, v2, l_start, l_end, &indx);
		break;
	case V_ASSOC:
		i = assocsearch(v1->v_assoc, v2, l_start, l_end, &indx);
		break;
	case V_STR:
		i = stringsearch(v1->v_str, v2->v_str, l_start, l_end,
				&indx);
		break;
	default:
		qfree(start);
		qfree(end);
		return error_value(E_SEARCH_1);
	}
	qfree(start);
	qfree(end);
	if (i == 0) {
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		result.v_num = qalloc();
		result.v_num->num = indx;
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_rsearch(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *v1, *v2, *v3, *v4;
	NUMBER *start, *end;
	VALUE vsize;
	NUMBER *size;
	NUMBER *qlen;
	NUMBER *qtmp;
	ZVALUE pos;
	ZVALUE indx;
	VALUE result;
	long l_start = 0, l_end = 0;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	vsize.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	v1 = *vals++;
	v2 = *vals++;
	if ((v1->v_type == V_FILE || v1->v_type == V_STR) &&
		v2->v_type != V_STR)
			return error_value(E_RSEARCH_2);
	start = end = NULL;
	if (count > 2) {
		v3 = *vals++;
		if (v3->v_type != V_NUM && v3->v_type != V_NULL)
			return error_value(E_RSEARCH_3);
		if (v3->v_type == V_NUM) {
			start = v3->v_num;
			if (qisfrac(start))
				return error_value(E_RSEARCH_3);
		}
	}
	if (count > 3) {
		v4 = *vals;
		if (v4->v_type != V_NUM && v4->v_type != V_NULL)
			return error_value(E_RSEARCH_4);
		if (v4->v_type == V_NUM) {
			end = v4->v_num;
			if (qisfrac(end))
				return error_value(E_RSEARCH_3);
		}
	}
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	vsize = f_size(v1);
	if (vsize.v_type != V_NUM)
		return error_value(E_RSEARCH_5);
	size = vsize.v_num;
	if (start) {
		if (qisneg(start)) {
			start = qqadd(size, start);
			if (qisneg(start)) {
				qfree(start);
				start = qlink(&_qzero_);
			}
		}
		else
			start = qlink(start);
	}
	if (end) {
		if (!qispos(end)) {
			end = qqadd(size, end);
		} else {
			if (qrel(end, size) > 0)
				end = qlink(size);
			else
				end = qlink(end);
		}
	}
	if (v1->v_type == V_FILE) {
		if (count == 2 || (count == 4 &&
				(start == NULL || end == NULL))) {
			i = ftellid(v1->v_file, &pos);
			if (i < 0) {
				qfree(size);
				if (start)
					qfree(start);
				if (end)
					qfree(end);
				return error_value(E_RSEARCH_5);
			}
			if (count == 2 || (count == 4 && end != NULL)) {
				start = qalloc();
				start->num = pos;
			} else {
				end = qalloc();
				end->num = pos;
			}
		}
		qlen = utoq(v2->v_str->s_len);
		qtmp = qsub(size, qlen);
		qfree(size);
		size = qtmp;
		if (count < 4) {
			end = start;
			start = NULL;
		} else {
			qtmp = qsub(end, qlen);
			qfree(end);
			end = qtmp;
		}
		if (end == NULL)
			end = qlink(size);
		if (start == NULL)
			start = qlink(&_qzero_);
		if (qrel(end, size) > 0) {
			qfree(end);
			end = qlink(size);
		}
		qfree(qlen);
		qfree(size);
		if (qrel(start, end) > 0) {
			qfree(start);
			qfree(end);
			return result;
		}
		i = frsearch(v1->v_file, v2->v_str->s_str,
			end->num,start->num, &indx);
		qfree(start);
		qfree(end);
		if (i == EOF)
			return error_value(errno);
		if (i < 0)
			return error_value(E_RSEARCH_6);
		if (i == 0) {
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
			result.v_num = qalloc();
			result.v_num->num = indx;
		}
		return result;
	}
	if (count < 4) {
		if (start) {
			end = qinc(start);
			qfree(start);
		}
		else
			end = qlink(size);
		start = qlink(&_qzero_);
	} else {
		if (start == NULL)
			start = qlink(&_qzero_);
		if (end == NULL)
			end = qlink(size);
	}

	qfree(size);
	if (qrel(start, end) >= 0) {
		qfree(start);
		qfree(end);
		return result;
	}
	l_start = ztolong(start->num);
	l_end = ztolong(end->num);
	switch (v1->v_type) {
	case V_MAT:
		i = matrsearch(v1->v_mat, v2, l_start, l_end, &indx);
		break;
	case V_LIST:
		i = listrsearch(v1->v_list, v2, l_start, l_end, &indx);
		break;
	case V_ASSOC:
		i = assocrsearch(v1->v_assoc, v2, l_start,
				 l_end, &indx);
		break;
	case V_STR:
		i = stringrsearch(v1->v_str, v2->v_str, l_start,
			l_end, &indx);
		break;
	default:
		qfree(start);
		qfree(end);
		return error_value(E_RSEARCH_1);
	}
	qfree(start);
	qfree(end);
	if (i == 0) {
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		result.v_num = qalloc();
		result.v_num->num = indx;
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_list(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_LIST;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	result.v_list = listalloc();
	while (count-- > 0)
		insertlistlast(result.v_list, *vals++);
	return result;
}


/*ARGSUSED*/
S_FUNC VALUE
f_assoc(int UNUSED(count), VALUE **UNUSED(vals))
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_ASSOC;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	result.v_assoc = assocalloc(0L);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_indices(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	VALUE result;
	LIST *lp;

	if (v2->v_type != V_NUM || zge31b(v2->v_num->num))
		return error_value(E_INDICES_2);

	switch (v1->v_type) {
	case V_ASSOC:
		lp = associndices(v1->v_assoc, qtoi(v2->v_num));
		break;
	case V_MAT:
		lp = matindices(v1->v_mat, qtoi(v2->v_num));
		break;
	default:
		return error_value(E_INDICES_1);
	}

	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	if (lp) {
		result.v_type = V_LIST;
		result.v_list = lp;
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_listinsert(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *v1, *v2, *v3;
	VALUE result;
	long pos;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	v1 = *vals++;
	if ((v1->v_type != V_ADDR) || (v1->v_addr->v_type != V_LIST))
		return error_value(E_INSERT_1);
	if (v1->v_addr->v_subtype & V_NOREALLOC)
		return error_value(E_LIST_1);

	v2 = *vals++;
	if (v2->v_type == V_ADDR)
		v2 = v2->v_addr;
	if ((v2->v_type != V_NUM) || qisfrac(v2->v_num))
		return error_value(E_INSERT_2);
	pos = qtoi(v2->v_num);
	count--;
	while (--count > 0) {
		v3 = *vals++;
		if (v3->v_type == V_ADDR)
			v3 = v3->v_addr;
		insertlistmiddle(v1->v_addr->v_list, pos++, v3);
	}
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_listpush(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	VALUE *v1, *v2;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	v1 = *vals++;
	if ((v1->v_type != V_ADDR) || (v1->v_addr->v_type != V_LIST))
		return error_value(E_PUSH);
	if (v1->v_addr->v_subtype & V_NOREALLOC)
		return error_value(E_LIST_3);

	while (--count > 0) {
		v2 = *vals++;
		if (v2->v_type == V_ADDR)
			v2 = v2->v_addr;
		insertlistfirst(v1->v_addr->v_list, v2);
	}
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_listappend(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *v1, *v2;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	v1 = *vals++;
	if ((v1->v_type != V_ADDR) || (v1->v_addr->v_type != V_LIST))
		return error_value(E_APPEND);
	if (v1->v_addr->v_subtype & V_NOREALLOC)
		return error_value(E_LIST_4);

	while (--count > 0) {
		v2 = *vals++;
		if (v2->v_type == V_ADDR)
			v2 = v2->v_addr;
		insertlistlast(v1->v_addr->v_list, v2);
	}
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_listdelete(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if ((v1->v_type != V_ADDR) || (v1->v_addr->v_type != V_LIST))
		return error_value(E_DELETE_1);
	if (v1->v_addr->v_subtype & V_NOREALLOC)
		return error_value(E_LIST_2);

	if (v2->v_type == V_ADDR)
		v2 = v2->v_addr;
	if ((v2->v_type != V_NUM) || qisfrac(v2->v_num))
		return error_value(E_DELETE_2);
	removelistmiddle(v1->v_addr->v_list, qtoi(v2->v_num), &result);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_listpop(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;

	if ((vp->v_type != V_ADDR) || (vp->v_addr->v_type != V_LIST))
		return error_value(E_POP);

	if (vp->v_addr->v_subtype & V_NOREALLOC)
		return error_value(E_LIST_5);

	removelistfirst(vp->v_addr->v_list, &result);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_listremove(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;

	if ((vp->v_type != V_ADDR) || (vp->v_addr->v_type != V_LIST))
		return error_value(E_REMOVE);

	if (vp->v_addr->v_subtype & V_NOREALLOC)
		return error_value(E_LIST_6);

	removelistlast(vp->v_addr->v_list, &result);
	return result;
}


/*
 * Return the current user time of calc in seconds.
 */
S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_usertime(void)
{
#if defined(HAVE_GETRUSAGE)
	struct rusage usage;		/* system resource usage */
	int who = RUSAGE_SELF;		/* obtain time for just this process */
	int status;			/* getrusage() return code */
	NUMBER *ret;			/* CPU time to return */
	NUMBER *secret;		/* whole seconds of CPU time to return */
	NUMBER *usecret;	/* microseconds of CPU time to return */

	/* get the resource information for ourself */
	status = getrusage(who, &usage);
	if (status < 0) {
	    /* system call error, so return 0 */
	    return qlink(&_qzero_);
	}

	/* add user time */
	secret = stoq(usage.ru_utime.tv_sec);
	usecret = iitoq((long)usage.ru_utime.tv_usec, 1000000L);
	ret = qqadd(secret, usecret);
	qfree(secret);
	qfree(usecret);

	/* return user CPU time */
	return ret;

#else /* HAVE_GETRUSAGE */
	/* not a POSIX system */
	return qlink(&_qzero_);
#endif /* HAVE_GETRUSAGE */
}


/*
 * Return the current kernel time of calc in seconds.
 * This is the kernel mode time only.
 */
S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_systime(void)
{
#if defined(HAVE_GETRUSAGE)
	struct rusage usage;		/* system resource usage */
	int who = RUSAGE_SELF;		/* obtain time for just this process */
	int status;			/* getrusage() return code */
	NUMBER *ret;			/* CPU time to return */
	NUMBER *secret;		/* whole seconds of CPU time to return */
	NUMBER *usecret;	/* microseconds of CPU time to return */

	/* get the resource information for ourself */
	status = getrusage(who, &usage);
	if (status < 0) {
	    /* system call error, so return 0 */
	    return qlink(&_qzero_);
	}

	/* add kernel time */
	secret = stoq(usage.ru_stime.tv_sec);
	usecret = iitoq((long)usage.ru_stime.tv_usec, 1000000L);
	ret = qqadd(secret, usecret);
	qfree(secret);
	qfree(usecret);

	/* return kernel CPU time */
	return ret;

#else /* HAVE_GETRUSAGE */
	/* not a POSIX system */
	return qlink(&_qzero_);
#endif /* HAVE_GETRUSAGE */
}


/*
 * Return the current user and kernel time of calc in seconds.
 */
S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_runtime(void)
{
#if defined(HAVE_GETRUSAGE)
	struct rusage usage;		/* system resource usage */
	int who = RUSAGE_SELF;		/* obtain time for just this process */
	int status;			/* getrusage() return code */
	NUMBER *user;			/* user CPU time to return */
	NUMBER *sys;			/* kernel CPU time to return */
	NUMBER *ret;			/* total CPU time to return */
	NUMBER *secret;		/* whole seconds of CPU time to return */
	NUMBER *usecret;	/* microseconds of CPU time to return */

	/* get the resource information for ourself */
	status = getrusage(who, &usage);
	if (status < 0) {
	    /* system call error, so return 0 */
	    return qlink(&_qzero_);
	}

	/* add kernel time */
	secret = stoq(usage.ru_stime.tv_sec);
	usecret = iitoq((long)usage.ru_stime.tv_usec, 1000000L);
	sys = qqadd(secret, usecret);
	qfree(secret);
	qfree(usecret);

	/* add user time */
	secret = stoq(usage.ru_utime.tv_sec);
	usecret = iitoq((long)usage.ru_utime.tv_usec, 1000000L);
	user = qqadd(secret, usecret);
	qfree(secret);
	qfree(usecret);

	/* total time is user + kernel */
	ret = qqadd(user, sys);
	qfree(user);
	qfree(sys);

	/* return CPU time */
	return ret;

#else /* HAVE_GETRUSAGE */
	/* not a POSIX system */
	return qlink(&_qzero_);
#endif /* HAVE_GETRUSAGE */
}


/*
 * return the number of second since the Epoch (00:00:00 1 Jan 1970 UTC).
 */
S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_time(void)
{
	return itoq((long) time(0));
}


/*
 * time in asctime()/ctime() format
 */
S_FUNC VALUE
f_ctime(void)
{
	VALUE res;
	time_t now;	/* the current time */

	/* initialize VALUE */
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	res.v_type = V_STR;

	/* get the time */
	now = time(NULL);
	res.v_str = makenewstring(ctime(&now));
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_fopen(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	VALUE result;
	FILEID id;
	char *mode;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/* check for a valid mode [rwa][b+\0][b+\0] */
	if (v1->v_type != V_STR || v2->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_FOPEN_1);
	mode = v2->v_str->s_str;
	if ((*mode != 'r') && (*mode != 'w') && (*mode != 'a'))
		return error_value(E_FOPEN_2);
	if (mode[1] != '\0') {
		if (mode[1] != '+' && mode[1] != 'b')
			return error_value(E_FOPEN_2);
		if (mode[2] != '\0') {
			if ((mode[2] != '+' && mode[2] != 'b') ||
			    mode[1] == mode[2])
				return error_value(E_FOPEN_2);
			if (mode[3] != '\0')
				return error_value(E_FOPEN_2);
		}
	}

	/* try to open */
	errno = 0;
	id = openid(v1->v_str->s_str, v2->v_str->s_str);
	if (id == FILEID_NONE)
		return error_value(errno);
	if (id < 0)
		return error_value(-id);
	result.v_type = V_FILE;
	result.v_file = id;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_fpathopen(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	FILEID id;
	char *mode;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/* check for valid strong */
	if (vals[0]->v_type != V_STR || vals[1]->v_type != V_STR) {
		return error_value(E_FPATHOPEN_1);
	}
	if (count == 3 && vals[2]->v_type != V_STR) {
		return error_value(E_FPATHOPEN_1);
	}

	/* check for a valid mode [rwa][b+\0][b+\0] */
	mode = vals[1]->v_str->s_str;
	if ((*mode != 'r') && (*mode != 'w') && (*mode != 'a'))
		return error_value(E_FPATHOPEN_2);
	if (mode[1] != '\0') {
		if (mode[1] != '+' && mode[1] != 'b')
			return error_value(E_FPATHOPEN_2);
		if (mode[2] != '\0') {
			if ((mode[2] != '+' && mode[2] != 'b') ||
			    mode[1] == mode[2])
				return error_value(E_FPATHOPEN_2);
			if (mode[3] != '\0')
				return error_value(E_FPATHOPEN_2);
		}
	}

	/* try to open along a path */
	errno = 0;
	if (count == 2) {
		id = openpathid(vals[0]->v_str->s_str,
				vals[1]->v_str->s_str,
				calcpath);
	} else {
		id = openpathid(vals[0]->v_str->s_str,
				vals[1]->v_str->s_str,
				vals[2]->v_str->s_str);
	}
	if (id == FILEID_NONE)
		return error_value(errno);
	if (id < 0)
		return error_value(-id);
	result.v_type = V_FILE;
	result.v_file = id;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_freopen(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	FILEID id;
	char *mode;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/* check for a valid mode [rwa][b+\0][b+\0] */
	if (vals[0]->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_FREOPEN_1);
	if (vals[1]->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_FREOPEN_2);
	mode = vals[1]->v_str->s_str;
	if ((*mode != 'r') && (*mode != 'w') && (*mode != 'a'))
		return error_value(E_FREOPEN_2);
	if (mode[1] != '\0') {
		if (mode[1] != '+' && mode[1] != 'b')
			return error_value(E_FREOPEN_2);
		if (mode[2] != '\0') {
			if ((mode[2] != '+' && mode[2] != 'b') ||
			    mode[1] == mode[2])
				return error_value(E_FOPEN_2);
			if (mode[3] != '\0')
				return error_value(E_FREOPEN_2);
		}
	}

	/* try to reopen */
	errno = 0;
	if (count == 2) {
		id = reopenid(vals[0]->v_file, mode, NULL);
	} else {
		if (vals[2]->v_type != V_STR)
			return error_value(E_FREOPEN_3);
		id = reopenid(vals[0]->v_file, mode,
			vals[2]->v_str->s_str);
	}

	if (id == FILEID_NONE)
		return error_value(errno);
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_fclose(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	VALUE *vp;
	int n, i=0;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	errno = 0;
	if (count == 0) {
		i = closeall();
	} else {
		for (n = 0; n < count; n++) {
			vp = vals[n];
			if (vp->v_type != V_FILE)
				return error_value(E_FCLOSE_1);
		}
		for (n = 0; n < count; n++) {
			vp = vals[n];
			i = closeid(vp->v_file);
			if (i < 0)
				return error_value(E_REWIND_2);
		}
	}
	if (i < 0)
		return error_value(errno);
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_rm(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	int force;	/* true -> -f was given as 1st arg */
	int i;
	int j;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * firewall
	 */
	if (!allow_write)
		return error_value(E_WRPERM);

	/*
	 * check on each arg
	 */
	for (i=0; i < count; ++i) {
		if (vals[i]->v_type != V_STR)
			return error_value(E_RM_1);
		if (vals[i]->v_str->s_str[0] == '\0')
			return error_value(E_RM_1);
	}

	/*
	 * look for a leading -f option
	 */
	force = (strcmp(vals[0]->v_str->s_str, "-f") == 0);
	if (force) {
		--count;
		++vals;
	}

	/*
	 * remove file(s)
	 */
	for (i=0; i < count; ++i) {
		j = remove(vals[i]->v_str->s_str);
		if (!force && j < 0)
			return error_value(errno);
	}
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_error(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *vp;
	long r;

	/*
	 * case: error() no args
	 */
	if (count == 0) {

		/* fetch but do NOT set errno */
		r = set_errno(NULL_ERRNUM);

	/*
	 * case: 1 arg
	 */
	} else {
		vp = vals[0];	/* get 1st arg */

		/*
		 * case: negative or 0 v_type
		 */
		if (vp->v_type <= 0) {
			r = (long) -vp->v_type;
			if (is_valid_errnum(r) == false) {
				error_value(E_ERROR_2);
				math_error("Numeric argument is outside valid errnum range for error");
				not_reached();
			}

		/*
		 * case: error(errnum | "E_STRING") arg
		 */
		} else {
			switch (vp->v_type) {

			/*
			 * case: error("E_STRING")
			 */
			case V_STR:
				r = errsym_2_errnum(vp->v_str->s_str);
				if (is_valid_errnum(r) == false) {
					error_value(E_ERROR_3);
					math_error("String argument is not a valid E_STRING for error");
					not_reached();
				}
				break;

			/*
			 * case: error(errnum)
			 */
			case V_NUM:
				r = qtoi(vp->v_num);
				if (is_valid_errnum(r) == false) {
					error_value(E_ERROR_2);
					math_error("Numeric argument is outside valid errnum range for error");
					not_reached();
				}
				break;

			/*
			 * case: invalid type
			 */
			default:
				error_value(E_ERROR_1);
				math_error("Invalid argument type for error");
				not_reached();
			}
		}
	}

	/*
	 * return error
	 */
	return error_value(r);
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_errno(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	int olderr;			/* previous errno value */
	int newerr = NULL_ERRNUM;	/* new errno to set */
	VALUE *vp;			/* arg[1] */
	VALUE result;			/* errno as a VALUE */

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * case: errno() no args
	 */
	if (count == 0) {

		/* fetch but do NOT set errno */
		olderr = set_errno(NULL_ERRNUM);

	/*
	 * case: 1 arg
	 */
	} else {
		vp = vals[0];	/* get 1st arg */

		/*
		 * case: negative or 0 v_type
		 */
		if (vp->v_type <= 0) {
			newerr = (int) -vp->v_type;
			if (is_valid_errnum(newerr) == false) {
				error_value(E_ERRNO_2);
				math_error("Numeric argument is outside valid errnum range for errno");
				not_reached();
			}

		/*
		 * case: errno(errnum | "E_STRING") arg
		 */
		} else {
			switch (vp->v_type) {

			/*
			 * case: errno("E_STRING")
			 */
			case V_STR:
				newerr = errsym_2_errnum(vp->v_str->s_str);
				if (is_valid_errnum(newerr) == false) {
					error_value(E_ERRNO_3);
					math_error("String argument is not a valid E_STRING for errno");
					not_reached();
				}
				break;

			/*
			 * case: errno(errnum)
			 */
			case V_NUM:
				newerr = qtoi(vp->v_num);
				if (is_valid_errnum(newerr) == false) {
					error_value(E_ERRNO_2);
					math_error("Numeric argument is outside valid errnum range for errno");
					not_reached();
				}
				break;

			/*
			 * case: invalid type
			 */
			default:
				error_value(E_ERRNO_1);
				math_error("Invalid argument type for errno");
				not_reached();
			}
		}
	}

	/*
	 * return errno
	 */
	olderr = set_errno(newerr);
	result.v_num = itoq((long) olderr);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_strerror(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	int errnum = NULL_ERRNUM;	/* errnum to convert */
	char *errmsg;			/* errnum converted into errmsg string, or NULL */
	bool alloced = false;		/* true ==> errmsg was allocated, false ==> errmsg is static */
	VALUE *vp;			/* arg[1] */
	VALUE result;			/* errmsg string as a VALUE */

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_STR;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * case: strerror() no args
	 */
	if (count == 0) {

		/* fetch but do NOT set errno */
		errnum = set_errno(NULL_ERRNUM);

	/*
	 * case: 1 arg
	 */
	} else {
		vp = vals[0];	/* get 1st arg */

		/*
		 * case: negative or 0 v_type
		 */
		if (vp->v_type <= 0) {
			errnum = (int) -vp->v_type;
			if (is_valid_errnum(errnum) == false) {
				error_value(E_STRERROR_2);
				math_error("Numeric argument is outside valid errnum range for strerror");
				not_reached();
			}

		/*
		 * case: strerror(errnum | "E_STRING") arg
		 */
		} else {
			switch (vp->v_type) {

			/*
			 * case: strerror("E_STRING")
			 */
			case V_STR:
				errnum = errsym_2_errnum(vp->v_str->s_str);
				if (is_valid_errnum(errnum) == false) {
					error_value(E_STRERROR_3);
					math_error("String argument is not a valid E_STRING for strerror");
					not_reached();
				}
				break;

			/*
			 * case: strerror(errnum)
			 */
			case V_NUM:
				errnum = qtoi(vp->v_num);
				if (is_valid_errnum(errnum) == false) {
					error_value(E_STRERROR_2);
					math_error("Numeric argument is outside valid errnum range for strerror");
					not_reached();
				}
				break;

			/*
			 * case: invalid type
			 */
			default:
				error_value(E_STRERROR_1);
				math_error("Invalid argument type for strerror");
				not_reached();
			}
		}
	}

	/*
	 * convert errnum into errmsg string
	 */
	errmsg = errnum_2_errmsg(errnum, &alloced);
	if (errmsg == NULL) {
		/* this should not happen: but in case it does we will throw an error */
		error_value(E_STRERROR_4);
		math_error("errnum_2_errmsg returned NULL as called from strerror");
		not_reached();
	}
	result.v_str = makenewstring(errmsg);

	/*
	 * free errmsg is it was allocated
	 */
	if (alloced == true) {
		free(errmsg);
		alloced = false;
		errmsg = NULL;
	}

	/*
	 * return errmsg result as a V_STR
	 */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_errcount(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	int newcount, oldcount;
	VALUE *vp;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	newcount = -1;
	if (count > 0) {
		vp = vals[0];

		/* arg must be an integer */
		if (vp->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(vp->v_num) ||
		qisneg(vp->v_num) || zge31b(vp->v_num->num)) {
			math_error("errcount argument out of range");
			not_reached();
		}
		newcount = (int) ztoi(vp->v_num->num);
	}
	oldcount = set_errcount(newcount);

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq((long) oldcount);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_errmax(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	long oldmax;
	VALUE *vp;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	oldmax = errmax;
	if (count > 0) {
		vp = vals[0];

		if (vp->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(vp->v_num) ||
		    zge31b(vp->v_num->num) || zltnegone(vp->v_num->num)) {
			fprintf(stderr,
				 "Out-of-range arg for errmax ignored\n");
		} else {
			errmax = ztoi(vp->v_num->num);
		}
	}

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq((long) oldmax);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_stoponerror(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	long oldval;
	VALUE *vp;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	oldval = stoponerror;
	if (count > 0) {
		vp = vals[0];

		if (vp->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(vp->v_num) ||
		    zge31b(vp->v_num->num) || zltnegone(vp->v_num->num)) {
			fprintf(stderr,
				 "Out-of-range arg for stoponerror ignored\n");
		} else {
			stoponerror = ztoi(vp->v_num->num);
		}
	}

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq((long) oldval);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_iserror(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE res;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	res.v_type = V_NUM;
	res.v_num = itoq((long)((vp->v_type < 0) ? - vp->v_type : 0));
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_newerror(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	char *str;
	int index;
	int errnum;

	str = NULL;
	if (count > 0 && vals[0]->v_type == V_STR)
		str = vals[0]->v_str->s_str;
	if (str == NULL || str[0] == '\0')
		str = "???";
	if (nexterrnum == E__USERDEF)
		initstr(&newerrorstr);
	index = findstr(&newerrorstr, str);
	if (index >= 0) {
		errnum = E__USERDEF + index;
	} else {
		if (nexterrnum == E__USERMAX)
			math_error("Too many new error values");
		errnum = nexterrnum++;
		addstr(&newerrorstr, str);
	}
	return error_value(errnum);
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_ferror(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vp->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_FERROR_1);
	i = errorid(vp->v_file);
	if (i < 0)
		return error_value(E_FERROR_2);
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq((long) i);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_feof(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vp->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_FEOF_1);
	i = eofid(vp->v_file);
	if (i < 0)
		return error_value(E_FEOF_2);
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq((long) i);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_fflush(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	int i, n;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	i = 0;
	errno = 0;
	if (count == 0) {
#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_WIN64)
		i = flushall();
#endif /* Windows free systems */
	} else {
		for (n = 0; n < count; n++) {
			if (vals[n]->v_type != V_FILE)
				return error_value(E_FFLUSH);
		}
		for (n = 0; n < count; n++) {
			i |= flushid(vals[n]->v_file);
		}
	}
	if (i == EOF)
		return error_value(errno);
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_fsize(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;
	ZVALUE len;		/* file length */
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vp->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_FSIZE_1);
	i = getsize(vp->v_file, &len);
	if (i == EOF)
		return error_value(errno);
	if (i)
		return error_value(E_FSIZE_2);
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = qalloc();
	result.v_num->num = len;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_fseek(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	int whence;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/* firewalls */
	errno = 0;
	if (vals[0]->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_FSEEK_1);
	if (vals[1]->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(vals[1]->v_num))
		return error_value(E_FSEEK_2);
	if (count == 2) {
		whence = 0;
	} else {
		if (vals[2]->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(vals[2]->v_num) ||
			qisneg(vals[2]->v_num))
			return error_value(E_FSEEK_2);
		if (vals[2]->v_num->num.len > 1)
			return error_value (E_FSEEK_2);
		whence = (int)(unsigned int)(vals[2]->v_num->num.v[0]);
		if (whence > 2)
			return error_value (E_FSEEK_2);
	}

	i = fseekid(vals[0]->v_file, vals[1]->v_num->num, whence);
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	if (i == EOF)
		return error_value(errno);
	if (i < 0)
		return error_value(E_FSEEK_3);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_ftell(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;
	ZVALUE pos;		/* current file position */
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	errno = 0;
	if (vp->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_FTELL_1);
	i = ftellid(vp->v_file, &pos);
	if (i < 0)
		return error_value(E_FTELL_2);

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = qalloc();
	result.v_num->num = pos;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_rewind(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	int n;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (count == 0) {
		rewindall();

	} else {
		for (n = 0; n < count; n++) {
			if (vals[n]->v_type != V_FILE)
				return error_value(E_REWIND_1);
		}
		for (n = 0; n < count; n++) {
			if (rewindid(vals[n]->v_file) != 0) {
				return error_value(E_REWIND_2);
			}
		}
	}
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_fprintf(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vals[0]->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_FPRINTF_1);
	if (vals[1]->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_FPRINTF_2);
	i = idprintf(vals[0]->v_file, vals[1]->v_str->s_str,
			 count - 2, vals + 2);
	if (i > 0)
		return error_value(E_FPRINTF_3);
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC int
strscan(char *s, int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	char	ch, chtmp;
	char	*s0;
	int	n = 0;
	VALUE	val, result;
	VALUE	*var;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	val.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	val.v_type = V_STR;
	while (*s != '\0') {
		s--;
		while ((ch = *++s)) {
			if (!isspace((int)ch))
				break;
		}
		if (ch == '\0' || count-- == 0)
			return n;
		s0 = s;
		while ((ch = *++s)) {
			if (isspace((int)ch))
				break;
		}
		chtmp = ch;
		*s = '\0';
		n++;
		val.v_str = makenewstring(s0);
		result = f_eval(&val);
		var = *vals++;
		if (var->v_type == V_ADDR) {
			var = var->v_addr;
			freevalue(var);
			*var = result;
		}
		*s = chtmp;
	}
	return n;
}


S_FUNC int
filescan(FILEID id, int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	STRING	*str;
	int	i;
	int	n = 0;
	VALUE	val;
	VALUE	result;
	VALUE	*var;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	val.v_type = V_STR;
	val.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	while (count-- > 0) {

		i = readid(id, 6, &str);

		if (i == EOF)
			break;
		if (i > 0)
			return EOF;
		n++;
		val.v_str = str;
		result = f_eval(&val);
		var = *vals++;
		if (var->v_type == V_ADDR) {
			var = var->v_addr;
			freevalue(var);
			*var = result;
		}
	}
	return n;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_scan(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	char *cp;
	VALUE result;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUEs */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	cp = nextline();
	if (cp == NULL) {
		result.v_type = V_NULL;
		return result;
	}

	i = strscan(cp, count, vals);
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq((long) i);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_strscan(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *vp;
	VALUE result;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	vp = *vals;
	if (vp->v_type == V_ADDR)
		vp = vp->v_addr;
	if (vp->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_STRSCAN);

	i = strscan(vp->v_str->s_str, count - 1, vals + 1);

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq((long) i);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_fscan(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *vp;
	VALUE result;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	errno = 0;
	vp = *vals;
	if (vp->v_type == V_ADDR)
		vp = vp->v_addr;
	if (vp->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_FSCAN_1);

	i = filescan(vp->v_file, count - 1, vals + 1);

	if (i == EOF)
		return error_value(errno);
	if (i < 0)
		return error_value(E_FSCAN_2);

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq((long) i);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_scanf(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *vp;
	VALUE result;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	vp = *vals;
	if (vp->v_type == V_ADDR)
		vp = vp->v_addr;
	if (vp->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_SCANF_1);
	for (i = 1; i < count; i++) {
		if (vals[i]->v_type != V_ADDR)
			return error_value(E_SCANF_2);
	}
	i = fscanfid(FILEID_STDIN, vp->v_str->s_str, count - 1, vals + 1);
	if (i < 0)
		return error_value(E_SCANF_3);
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq((long) i);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_strscanf(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *vp, *vq;
	VALUE result;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	errno = 0;
	vp = vals[0];
	if (vp->v_type == V_ADDR)
		vp = vp->v_addr;
	if (vp->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_STRSCANF_1);
	vq = vals[1];
	if (vq->v_type == V_ADDR)
		vq = vq->v_addr;
	if (vq->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_STRSCANF_2);
	for (i = 2; i < count; i++) {
		if (vals[i]->v_type != V_ADDR)
			return error_value(E_STRSCANF_3);
	}
	i = scanfstr(vp->v_str->s_str, vq->v_str->s_str,
			 count - 2, vals + 2);
	if (i == EOF)
		return error_value(errno);
	if (i < 0)
		return error_value(E_STRSCANF_4);
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq((long) i);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_fscanf(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *vp, *sp;
	VALUE result;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	vp = *vals++;
	if (vp->v_type == V_ADDR)
		vp = vp->v_addr;
	if (vp->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_FSCANF_1);
	sp = *vals++;
	if (sp->v_type == V_ADDR)
		sp = sp->v_addr;
	if (sp->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_FSCANF_2);
	for (i = 0; i < count - 2; i++) {
		if (vals[i]->v_type != V_ADDR)
			return error_value(E_FSCANF_3);
	}
	i = fscanfid(vp->v_file, sp->v_str->s_str, count - 2, vals);
	if (i == EOF) {
		result.v_type = V_NULL;
		return result;
	}
	if (i < 0)
		return error_value(E_FSCANF_4);
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_num = itoq((long) i);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_fputc(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	VALUE result;
	NUMBER *q;
	int ch;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (v1->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_FPUTC_1);
	switch (v2->v_type) {
		case V_STR:
			ch = v2->v_str->s_str[0];
			break;
		case V_NUM:
			q = v2->v_num;
			if (!qisint(q))
				return error_value(E_FPUTC_2);

			ch = qisneg(q) ? (int)(-q->num.v[0] & 0xff) :
					 (int)(q->num.v[0] & 0xff);
			break;
		case V_NULL:
			ch = 0;
			break;
		default:
			return error_value(E_FPUTC_2);
	}
	i = idfputc(v1->v_file, ch);
	if (i > 0)
		return error_value(E_FPUTC_3);
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_fputs(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	int i, err;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vals[0]->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_FPUTS_1);
	for (i = 1; i < count; i++) {
		if (vals[i]->v_type != V_STR)
			return error_value(E_FPUTS_2);
	}
	for (i = 1; i < count; i++) {
		err = idfputs(vals[0]->v_file, vals[i]->v_str);
		if (err > 0)
			return error_value(E_FPUTS_3);
	}
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_fputstr(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	int i, err;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vals[0]->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_FPUTSTR_1);
	for (i = 1; i < count; i++) {
		if (vals[i]->v_type != V_STR)
			return error_value(E_FPUTSTR_2);
	}
	for (i = 1; i < count; i++) {
		err = idfputstr(vals[0]->v_file,
			vals[i]->v_str->s_str);
		if (err > 0)
			return error_value(E_FPUTSTR_3);
	}
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_printf(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vals[0]->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_PRINTF_1);
	i = idprintf(FILEID_STDOUT, vals[0]->v_str->s_str,
			 count - 1, vals + 1);
	if (i)
		return error_value(E_PRINTF_2);
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_strprintf(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	int i;
	char *cp;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vals[0]->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_STRPRINTF_1);
	math_divertio();
	i = idprintf(FILEID_STDOUT, vals[0]->v_str->s_str,
		 count - 1, vals + 1);
	if (i) {
		free(math_getdivertedio());
		return error_value(E_STRPRINTF_2);
	}
	cp = math_getdivertedio();
	result.v_type = V_STR;
	result.v_str = makenewstring(cp);
	free(cp);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_fgetc(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;
	int ch;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vp->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_FGETC_1);
	ch = getcharid(vp->v_file);
	if (ch == -2)
		return error_value(E_FGETC_2);
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	if (ch != EOF) {
		result.v_type = V_STR;
		result.v_str = charstring(ch);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_ungetc(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	VALUE result;
	NUMBER *q;
	int ch;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	errno = 0;
	if (v1->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_UNGETC_1);
	switch (v2->v_type) {
		case V_STR:
			ch = v2->v_str->s_str[0];
			break;
		case V_NUM:
			q = v2->v_num;
			if (!qisint(q))
				return error_value(E_UNGETC_2);
			ch = qisneg(q) ? (int)(-q->num.v[0] & 0xff) :
					 (int)(q->num.v[0] & 0xff);
			break;
		default:
			return error_value(E_UNGETC_2);
	}
	i = idungetc(v1->v_file, ch);
	if (i == EOF)
		return error_value(errno);
	if (i == -2)
		return error_value(E_UNGETC_3);
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_fgetline(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;
	STRING *str;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vp->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_FGETLINE_1);
	i = readid(vp->v_file, 9, &str);
	if (i > 0)
		return error_value(E_FGETLINE_2);
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	if (i == 0) {
		result.v_type = V_STR;
		result.v_str = str;
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_fgets(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;
	STRING *str;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vp->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_FGETS_1);
	i = readid(vp->v_file, 1, &str);
	if (i > 0)
		return error_value(E_FGETS_2);
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	if (i == 0) {
		result.v_type = V_STR;
		result.v_str = str;
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_fgetstr(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;
	STRING *str;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vp->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_FGETSTR_1);
	i = readid(vp->v_file, 10, &str);
	if (i > 0)
		return error_value(E_FGETSTR_2);
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	if (i == 0) {
		result.v_type = V_STR;
		result.v_str = str;
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_fgetfield(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;
	STRING *str;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vp->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_FGETFIELD_1);
	i = readid(vp->v_file, 14, &str);
	if (i > 0)
		return error_value(E_FGETFIELD_2);
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	if (i == 0) {
		result.v_type = V_STR;
		result.v_str = str;
	}
	return result;
}

S_FUNC VALUE
f_fgetfile(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;
	STRING *str;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vp->v_type != V_FILE)
		return error_value(E_FGETFILE_1);
	i = readid(vp->v_file, 0, &str);
	if (i == 1)
		return error_value(E_FGETFILE_2);
	if (i == 3)
		return error_value(E_FGETFILE_3);
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	if (i == 0) {
		result.v_type = V_STR;
		result.v_str = str;
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_files(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (count == 0) {
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		result.v_num = itoq((long) MAXFILES);
		return result;
	}
	if ((vals[0]->v_type != V_NUM) || qisfrac(vals[0]->v_num))
		return error_value(E_FILES);
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	result.v_file = indexid(qtoi(vals[0]->v_num));
	if (result.v_file != FILEID_NONE)
		result.v_type = V_FILE;
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_reverse(VALUE *val)
{
	VALUE res;

	res.v_type = val->v_type;
	res.v_subtype = val->v_subtype;
	switch(val->v_type) {
		case V_MAT:
			res.v_mat = matcopy(val->v_mat);
			matreverse(res.v_mat);
			break;
		case V_LIST:
			res.v_list = listcopy(val->v_list);
			listreverse(res.v_list);
			break;
		case V_STR:
			res.v_str = stringneg(val->v_str);
			if (res.v_str == NULL)
				return error_value(E_STRNEG);
			break;
		default:
			math_error("Bad argument type for reverse");
			not_reached();
	}
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_sort(VALUE *val)
{
	VALUE res;

	res.v_type = val->v_type;
	res.v_subtype = val->v_subtype;
	switch (val->v_type) {
		case V_MAT:
			res.v_mat = matcopy(val->v_mat);
			matsort(res.v_mat);
			break;
		case V_LIST:
			res.v_list = listcopy(val->v_list);
			listsort(res.v_list);
			break;
		default:
			math_error("Bad argument type for sort");
			not_reached();
	}
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_join(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	LIST *lp;
	LISTELEM *ep;
	VALUE res;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	lp = listalloc();
	while (count-- > 0) {
		if (vals[0]->v_type != V_LIST) {
			listfree(lp);
			printf("Non-list argument for join\n");
			res.v_type = V_NULL;
			return res;
		}
		for (ep = vals[0]->v_list->l_first; ep; ep = ep->e_next)
			insertlistlast(lp, &ep->e_value);
		vals++;
	}
	res.v_type = V_LIST;
	res.v_list = lp;
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_head(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	VALUE res;
	long n;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (v2->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v2->v_num) ||
		zge31b(v2->v_num->num))
			return error_value(E_HEAD_2);
	n = qtoi(v2->v_num);

	res.v_type = v1->v_type;
	switch (v1->v_type) {
		case V_LIST:
			if (n == 0)
				res.v_list = listalloc();
			else if (n > 0)
				res.v_list = listsegment(v1->v_list,0,n-1);
			else
				res.v_list = listsegment(v1->v_list,-n-1,0);
			return res;
		case V_STR:
			if (n == 0)
				res.v_str = slink(&_nullstring_);
			else if (n > 0)
				res.v_str = stringsegment(v1->v_str,0,n-1);
			else
				res.v_str = stringsegment(v1->v_str,-n-1,0);
			if (res.v_str == NULL)
				return error_value(E_STRHEAD);
			return res;
		default:
			return error_value(E_HEAD_1);
	}
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_tail(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	long n;
	VALUE res;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (v2->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v2->v_num) ||
		zge31b(v2->v_num->num))
			return error_value(E_TAIL_1);
	n = qtoi(v2->v_num);
	res.v_type = v1->v_type;
	switch (v1->v_type) {
		case V_LIST:
			if (n == 0) {
				res.v_list = listalloc();
			} else if (n > 0) {
				res.v_list = listsegment(v1->v_list,
					v1->v_list->l_count - n,
					v1->v_list->l_count - 1);
			} else {
				res.v_list = listsegment(v1->v_list,
					v1->v_list->l_count - 1,
					v1->v_list->l_count + n);
			}
			return res;
		case V_STR:
			if (n == 0) {
				res.v_str = slink(&_nullstring_);
			} else if (n > 0) {
				res.v_str = stringsegment(v1->v_str,
					v1->v_str->s_len - n,
					v1->v_str->s_len - 1);
			} else {
				res.v_str = stringsegment(v1->v_str,
					v1->v_str->s_len - 1,
					v1->v_str->s_len + n);
			}
			if (res.v_str == V_NULL)
				return error_value(E_STRTAIL);
			return res;
		default:
			return error_value(E_TAIL_1);
	}
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_segment(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *vp;
	long n1, n2;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	vp = vals[1];

	if (vp->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(vp->v_num) || zge31b(vp->v_num->num))
		return error_value(E_SEG_2);
	n1 = qtoi(vp->v_num);
	n2 = n1;
	if (count == 3) {
		vp = vals[2];
		if (vp->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(vp->v_num) ||
			zge31b(vp->v_num->num))
				return error_value(E_SEG_3);
		n2 = qtoi(vp->v_num);
	}
	vp = vals[0];
	result.v_type = vp->v_type;
	switch (vp->v_type) {
		case V_LIST:
			result.v_list = listsegment(vp->v_list, n1, n2);
			return result;
		case V_STR:
			result.v_str = stringsegment(vp->v_str, n1, n2);
			if (result.v_str == NULL)
				return error_value(E_STRSEG);
			return result;
		default:
			return error_value(E_SEG_1);
	}
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_modify(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	FUNC *fp;
	LISTELEM *ep;
	long s;
	VALUE res;
	VALUE *vp;
	unsigned short subtype;

	if (v1->v_type != V_ADDR)
		return error_value(E_MODIFY_1);
	v1 = v1->v_addr;
	if (v2->v_type == V_ADDR)
		v2 = v2->v_addr;
	if (v2->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_MODIFY_2);
	if (v1->v_subtype & V_NONEWVALUE)
		return error_value(E_MODIFY_3);
	fp = findfunc(adduserfunc(v2->v_str->s_str));
	if (!fp)
		return error_value(E_MODIFY_4);
	switch (v1->v_type) {
		case V_LIST:
			for (ep = v1->v_list->l_first; ep; ep = ep->e_next) {
				subtype = ep->e_value.v_subtype;
				*++stack = ep->e_value;
				calculate(fp, 1);
				stack->v_subtype |= subtype;
				ep->e_value = *stack--;
			}
			break;
		case V_MAT:
			vp = v1->v_mat->m_table;
			s = v1->v_mat->m_size;
			while (s-- > 0) {
				subtype = vp->v_subtype;
				*++stack = *vp;
				calculate(fp, 1);
				stack->v_subtype |= subtype;
				*vp++ = *stack--;
			}
			break;
		case V_OBJ:
			vp = v1->v_obj->o_table;
			s = v1->v_obj->o_actions->oa_count;
			while (s-- > 0) {
				subtype = vp->v_subtype;
				*++stack = *vp;
				calculate(fp, 1);
				stack->v_subtype |= subtype;
				*vp++ = *stack--;
			}
			break;
		default:
			return error_value(E_MODIFY_5);
	}
	res.v_type = V_NULL;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_forall(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	FUNC *fp;
	LISTELEM *ep;
	long s;
	VALUE res;
	VALUE *vp;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	res.v_type = V_NULL;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (v2->v_type != V_STR) {
		math_error("Non-string second argument for forall");
		not_reached();
	}
	fp = findfunc(adduserfunc(v2->v_str->s_str));
	if (!fp) {
		math_error("Undefined function for forall");
		not_reached();
	}
	switch (v1->v_type) {
		case V_LIST:
			for (ep = v1->v_list->l_first; ep; ep = ep->e_next) {
				copyvalue(&ep->e_value, ++stack);
				calculate(fp, 1);
				stack--;
			}
			break;
		case V_MAT:
			vp = v1->v_mat->m_table;
			s = v1->v_mat->m_size;
			while (s-- > 0) {
				copyvalue(vp++, ++stack);
				calculate(fp, 1);
				stack--;
			}
			break;
		default:
		    math_error("Non list or matrix first argument for forall");
		    not_reached();
	}
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_select(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	LIST *lp;
	LISTELEM *ep;
	FUNC *fp;
	VALUE res;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	res.v_type = V_LIST;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (v1->v_type != V_LIST) {
		math_error("Non-list first argument for select");
		not_reached();
	}
	if (v2->v_type != V_STR) {
		math_error("Non-string second argument for select");
		not_reached();
	}
	fp = findfunc(adduserfunc(v2->v_str->s_str));
	if (!fp) {
		math_error("Undefined function for select");
		not_reached();
	}
	lp = listalloc();
	for (ep = v1->v_list->l_first; ep; ep = ep->e_next) {
		copyvalue(&ep->e_value, ++stack);
		calculate(fp, 1);
		if (testvalue(stack))
			insertlistlast(lp, &ep->e_value);
		freevalue(stack--);
	}
	res.v_list = lp;
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_count(VALUE *v1, VALUE *v2)
{
	LISTELEM *ep;
	FUNC *fp;
	long s;
	long n = 0;
	VALUE res;
	VALUE *vp;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	res.v_type = V_NUM;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (v2->v_type != V_STR) {
		math_error("Non-string second argument for select");
		not_reached();
	}
	fp = findfunc(adduserfunc(v2->v_str->s_str));
	if (!fp) {
		math_error("Undefined function for select");
		not_reached();
	}
	switch (v1->v_type) {
		case V_LIST:
			for (ep = v1->v_list->l_first; ep; ep = ep->e_next) {
				copyvalue(&ep->e_value, ++stack);
				calculate(fp, 1);
				if (testvalue(stack))
					n++;
				freevalue(stack--);
			}
			break;
		case V_MAT:
			s = v1->v_mat->m_size;
			vp = v1->v_mat->m_table;
			while (s-- > 0) {
				copyvalue(vp++, ++stack);
				calculate(fp, 1);
				if (testvalue(stack))
					n++;
				freevalue(stack--);
			}
			break;
		default:
			math_error("Bad argument type for count");
			not_reached();
			break;
	}
	res.v_num = itoq(n);
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_makelist(VALUE *v1)
{
	LIST *lp;
	VALUE res;
	long n;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	res.v_type = V_NULL;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (v1->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(v1->v_num) || qisneg(v1->v_num)) {
		math_error("Bad argument for makelist");
		not_reached();
	}
	if (zge31b(v1->v_num->num)) {
		math_error("makelist count >= 2^31");
		not_reached();
	}
	n = qtoi(v1->v_num);
	lp = listalloc();
	while (n-- > 0)
		insertlistlast(lp, &res);
	res.v_type = V_LIST;
	res.v_list = lp;
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_randperm(VALUE *val)
{
	VALUE res;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	res.v_type = val->v_type;
	switch (val->v_type) {
		case V_MAT:
			res.v_mat = matcopy(val->v_mat);
			matrandperm(res.v_mat);
			break;
		case V_LIST:
			res.v_list = listcopy(val->v_list);
			listrandperm(res.v_list);
			break;
		default:
			math_error("Bad argument type for randperm");
			not_reached();
	}
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_cmdbuf(void)
{
	VALUE result;
	char *newcp;
	size_t cmdbuf_len;	/* length of cmdbuf string */

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_STR;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	cmdbuf_len = strlen(cmdbuf);
	newcp = (char *)malloc(cmdbuf_len+1);
	if (newcp == NULL) {
		math_error("Cannot allocate string in cmdbuf");
		not_reached();
	}
	strlcpy(newcp, cmdbuf, cmdbuf_len+1);
	result.v_str = makestring(newcp);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_getenv(VALUE *v1)
{
	VALUE result;
	char *str;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (v1->v_type != V_STR) {
		math_error("Non-string argument for getenv");
		not_reached();
	}
	result.v_type = V_STR;
	str = getenv(v1->v_str->s_str);
	if (str == NULL)
		result.v_type = V_NULL;
	else
		result.v_str = makenewstring(str);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_isatty(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	if (vp->v_type == V_FILE && isattyid(vp->v_file) == 1) {
		result.v_num = itoq(1);
	} else {
		result.v_num = itoq(0);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_calc_tty(void)
{
	VALUE res;

	if (!calc_tty(FILEID_STDIN))
		return error_value(E_TTY);
	res.v_type = V_NULL;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	return res;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_inputlevel (void)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	result.v_num = itoq((long) inputlevel());
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_calclevel(void)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	result.v_num = itoq(calclevel());
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_calcpath(void)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_STR;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	result.v_str = makenewstring(calcpath);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_access(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	NUMBER *q;
	int m;
	char *s, *fname;
	VALUE result;
	size_t len;
	int i;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	errno = 0;
	if (vals[0]->v_type != V_STR)
		return error_value(E_ACCESS_1);
	fname = vals[0]->v_str->s_str;
	m = 0;
	if (count == 2) {
		switch (vals[1]->v_type) {
			case V_NUM:
				q = vals[1]->v_num;
				if (qisfrac(q) || qisneg(q))
					return error_value(E_ACCESS_2);
				m = (int)(q->num.v[0] & 7);
				break;
			case V_STR:
				s = vals[1]->v_str->s_str;
				len = (long)strlen(s);
				while (len-- > 0) {
					switch (*s++) {
					case 'r': m |= 4; break;
					case 'w': m |= 2; break;
					case 'x': m |= 1; break;
					default: return error_value(E_ACCESS_2);
					}
				}
				break;
			case V_NULL:
				break;
			default:
				return error_value(E_ACCESS_2);
		}
	}
	i = access(fname, m);
	if (i)
		return error_value(errno);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_putenv(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	char *putenv_str;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * parse args
	 */
	if (count == 2) {
		size_t snprintf_len;	/* malloced snprintf buffer length */

		/* firewall */
		if (vals[0]->v_type != V_STR || vals[1]->v_type != V_STR) {
			math_error("Non-string argument for putenv");
			not_reached();
		}

		/* convert putenv("foo","bar") into putenv("foo=bar") */
		snprintf_len = vals[0]->v_str->s_len + 1 +
                               vals[1]->v_str->s_len;
		putenv_str = (char *)malloc(snprintf_len+1);
		if (putenv_str == NULL) {
			math_error("Cannot allocate string in putenv");
			not_reached();
		}
		/*
		 * The next statement could be:
		 *
		 *	snprintf(putenv_str, snprintf_len,
		 *	        "%s=%s", vals[0]->v_str->s_str,
		 *	        vals[1]->v_str->s_str);
		 *
		 * however compilers like gcc would issue warnings such as:
		 *
		 *	null destination pointer
		 *
		 * even though we check that putenv_str is non-NULL
		 * above before using it.  Therefore we call strlcpy()
		 * twice and make an assignment instead to avoid such warnings.
		 */
		strlcpy(putenv_str,
		       vals[0]->v_str->s_str,
		       vals[0]->v_str->s_len+1);
		putenv_str[vals[0]->v_str->s_len] = '=';
		strlcpy(putenv_str + vals[0]->v_str->s_len + 1,
		       vals[1]->v_str->s_str,
		       vals[1]->v_str->s_len+1);
		putenv_str[snprintf_len] = '\0';

	} else {
		/* firewall */
		if (vals[0]->v_type != V_STR) {
			math_error("Non-string argument for putenv");
			not_reached();
		}

		/* putenv(arg) must be of the form "foo=bar" */
		if ((char *)strchr(vals[0]->v_str->s_str, '=') == NULL) {
			math_error("putenv single arg string missing =");
			not_reached();
		}

		/*
		 * make a copy of the arg because subsequent changes
		 * would change the environment.
		 */
		putenv_str = (char *)malloc(vals[0]->v_str->s_len + 1);
		if (putenv_str == NULL) {
			math_error("Cannot allocate string in putenv");
			not_reached();
		}
		strlcpy(putenv_str, vals[0]->v_str->s_str,
				   vals[0]->v_str->s_len+1);
	}

	/* return putenv result */
	result.v_num = itoq((long) malloced_putenv(putenv_str));
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_strpos(VALUE *haystack, VALUE *needle)
{
	VALUE result;
	char *cpointer;
	int cindex;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (haystack->v_type != V_STR || needle->v_type != V_STR) {
		math_error("Non-string argument for index");
		not_reached();
	}
	cpointer = strstr(haystack->v_str->s_str,
		needle->v_str->s_str);
	if (cpointer == NULL)
		cindex = 0;
	else
		cindex = cpointer - haystack->v_str->s_str + 1;
	result.v_num = itoq((long) cindex);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_system(VALUE *vp)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (vp->v_type != V_STR) {
		math_error("Non-string argument for system");
		not_reached();
	}
	if (!allow_exec) {
		math_error("execution disallowed by -m");
		not_reached();
	}
	if (conf->calc_debug & CALCDBG_SYSTEM) {
		printf("%s\n", vp->v_str->s_str);
	}
#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
	/* if the execute length is 0 then just return 0 */
	if (vp->v_str->s_len == 0) {
		result.v_num = itoq((long)0);
	} else {
		result.v_num = itoq((long)system(vp->v_str->s_str));
	}
#else /* Windows free systems */
	result.v_num = itoq((long)system(vp->v_str->s_str));
#endif /* Windows free systems */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_sleep(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	long time;
	VALUE res;
	NUMBER *q1, *q2;

	res.v_type = V_NULL;
	res.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_WIN64)
	if (count > 0) {
		if (vals[0]->v_type != V_NUM || qisneg(vals[0]->v_num))
				return error_value(E_SLEEP);
		if (qisint(vals[0]->v_num)) {
			if (zge31b(vals[0]->v_num->num))
				return error_value(E_SLEEP);
			time = ztoi(vals[0]->v_num->num);
			time = sleep(time);
		}
		else {
			q1 = qscale(vals[0]->v_num, 20);
			q2 = qint(q1);
			qfree(q1);
			if (zge31b(q2->num)) {
				qfree(q2);
				return error_value(E_SLEEP);
			}
			time = ztoi(q2->num);
			qfree(q2);
				/* BSD 4.3 usleep has void return */
			usleep(time);
			return res;
		}
	} else {
		time = sleep(1);
	}
	if (time) {
		res.v_type = V_NUM;
		res.v_num = itoq(time);
	}
#endif /* Windows free systems */
	return res;
}


/*
 * set the default output base/mode
 */
S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_base(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	long base;	/* output base/mode */
	long oldbase=0; /* output base/mode */

	/* deal with just a query */
	if (count != 1) {
		return base_value(conf->outmode, conf->outmode);
	}

	/* deal with the special modes first */
	if (qisfrac(vals[0])) {
		return base_value(math_setmode(MODE_FRAC), conf->outmode);
	}
	if (vals[0]->num.len > 64/BASEB) {
		return base_value(math_setmode(MODE_EXP), conf->outmode);
	}

	/* set the base, if possible */
	base = qtoi(vals[0]);
	switch (base) {
	case -10:
		oldbase = math_setmode(MODE_INT);
		break;
	case 2:
		oldbase = math_setmode(MODE_BINARY);
		break;
	case 8:
		oldbase = math_setmode(MODE_OCTAL);
		break;
	case 10:
		oldbase = math_setmode(MODE_REAL);
		break;
	case 16:
		oldbase = math_setmode(MODE_HEX);
		break;
        case 1000:
		oldbase = math_setmode(MODE_ENG);
		break;
	default:
		math_error("Unsupported base");
		not_reached();
		break;
	}

	/* return the old base */
	return base_value(oldbase, conf->outmode);
}


/*
 * set the default secondary output base/mode
 */
S_FUNC NUMBER *
f_base2(int count, NUMBER **vals)
{
	long base;	/* output base/mode */
	long oldbase=0; /* output base/mode */

	/* deal with just a query */
	if (count != 1) {
		return base_value(conf->outmode2, conf->outmode2);
	}

	/* deal with the special modes first */
	if (qisfrac(vals[0])) {
		return base_value(math_setmode2(MODE_FRAC), conf->outmode2);
	}
	if (vals[0]->num.len > 64/BASEB) {
		return base_value(math_setmode2(MODE_EXP), conf->outmode2);
	}

	/* set the base, if possible */
	base = qtoi(vals[0]);
	switch (base) {
	case 0:
		oldbase = math_setmode2(MODE2_OFF);
		break;
	case -10:
		oldbase = math_setmode2(MODE_INT);
		break;
	case 2:
		oldbase = math_setmode2(MODE_BINARY);
		break;
	case 8:
		oldbase = math_setmode2(MODE_OCTAL);
		break;
	case 10:
		oldbase = math_setmode2(MODE_REAL);
		break;
	case 16:
		oldbase = math_setmode2(MODE_HEX);
		break;
        case 1000:
		oldbase = math_setmode2(MODE_ENG);
		break;
	default:
		math_error("Unsupported base");
		not_reached();
		break;
	}

	/* return the old base */
	return base_value(oldbase, conf->outmode2);
}


/*
 * return a numerical 'value' of the mode/base
 */
S_FUNC NUMBER *
base_value(long mode, int defval)
{
	NUMBER *result;

	/* return the old base */
	switch (mode) {
	case MODE_DEFAULT:
		switch (defval) {
		case MODE_DEFAULT:
			result = itoq(10);
			break;
		case MODE_FRAC:
			result = qalloc();
			itoz(3, &result->den);
			break;
		case MODE_INT:
			result = itoq(-10);
			break;
		case MODE_REAL:
			result = itoq(10);
			break;
		case MODE_EXP:
			result = qalloc();
			ztenpow(20, &result->num);
			break;
		case MODE_ENG:
			result = itoq(1000);
			break;
		case MODE_HEX:
			result = itoq(16);
			break;
		case MODE_OCTAL:
			result = itoq(8);
			break;
		case MODE_BINARY:
			result = itoq(2);
			break;
		case MODE2_OFF:
			result = itoq(0);
			break;
		default:
			result = itoq(0);
			break;
		}
		break;
	case MODE_FRAC:
		result = qalloc();
		itoz(3, &result->den);
		break;
	case MODE_INT:
		result = itoq(-10);
		break;
	case MODE_REAL:
		result = itoq(10);
		break;
	case MODE_EXP:
		result = qalloc();
		ztenpow(20, &result->num);
		break;
	case MODE_ENG:
		result = itoq(1000);
		break;
	case MODE_HEX:
		result = itoq(16);
		break;
	case MODE_OCTAL:
		result = itoq(8);
		break;
	case MODE_BINARY:
		result = itoq(2);
		break;
	case MODE2_OFF:
		result = itoq(0);
		break;
	default:
		result = itoq(0);
		break;
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_custom(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * disable custom functions unless -C was given
	 */
	if (!allow_custom) {
		fprintf(stderr,
#if defined(CUSTOM)
		    "%sCalc must be run with a -C argument to "
		    "use custom function\n",
#else /* CUSTOM */
		    "%sCalc was built with custom functions disabled\n",
#endif /* CUSTOM */
		    (conf->tab_ok ? "\t" : ""));
		return error_value(E_CUSTOM_ERROR);
	}

	/*
	 * perform the custom operation
	 */
	if (count <= 0) {
		/* perform the usage function function */
		showcustom();
	} else {
		/* firewall */
		if (vals[0]->v_type != V_STR) {
			math_error("custom: 1st arg not a string name");
			not_reached();
		}

		/* perform the custom function */
		result = custom(vals[0]->v_str->s_str, count-1, vals+1);
	}

	/*
	 * return the custom result
	 */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_blk(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	int len;		/* number of octets to malloc */
	int chunk;		/* block chunk size */
	VALUE result;
	int id;
	VALUE *vp = NULL;
	int type;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_BLOCK;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	type = V_NULL;
	if (count > 0) {
		vp = *vals;
		type = vp->v_type;
		if (type == V_STR || type == V_NBLOCK || type == V_BLOCK) {
			vals++;
			count--;
		}
	}

	len = -1;		/* signal to use old or zero len */
	chunk = -1;		/* signal to use old or default chunksize */
	if (count > 0 && vals[0]->v_type != V_NULL) {
		/* parse len */
		if (vals[0]->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(vals[0]->v_num))
			return error_value(E_BLK_1);
		if (qisneg(vals[0]->v_num) || zge31b(vals[0]->v_num->num))
			return error_value(E_BLK_2);
		len = qtoi(vals[0]->v_num);
	}
	if (count > 1 && vals[1]->v_type != V_NULL) {
		/* parse chunk */
		if (vals[1]->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(vals[1]->v_num))
			return error_value(E_BLK_3);
		if (qisneg(vals[1]->v_num) || zge31b(vals[1]->v_num->num))
			return error_value(E_BLK_4);
		chunk = qtoi(vals[1]->v_num);
	}

	if (type == V_STR) {
		result.v_type = V_NBLOCK;
		id = findnblockid(vp->v_str->s_str);
		if (id < 0) {
			/* create new named block */
			result.v_nblock = createnblock(vp->v_str->s_str,
				 len, chunk);
			return result;
		}
		/* reallocate nblock */
		result.v_nblock = reallocnblock(id, len, chunk);
		return result;
	}

	if (type == V_NBLOCK) {
		/* reallocate nblock */
		result.v_type = V_NBLOCK;
		id = vp->v_nblock->id;
		result.v_nblock = reallocnblock(id, len, chunk);
		return result;
	}
	if (type == V_BLOCK) {
		/* reallocate block */
		result.v_type = V_BLOCK;
		result.v_block = copyrealloc(vp->v_block, len, chunk);
		return result;
	}

	/* allocate block */
	result.v_block = blkalloc(len, chunk);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_blkfree(VALUE *vp)
{
	int id;
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	id = 0;
	switch (vp->v_type) {
		case V_NBLOCK:
			id = vp->v_nblock->id;
			break;
		case V_STR:
			id = findnblockid(vp->v_str->s_str);
			if (id < 0)
				return error_value(E_BLKFREE_1);
			break;
		case V_NUM:
			if (qisfrac(vp->v_num) || qisneg(vp->v_num))
				return error_value(E_BLKFREE_2);
			if (zge31b(vp->v_num->num))
				return error_value(E_BLKFREE_3);
			id = qtoi(vp->v_num);
			break;
		default:
			return error_value(E_BLKFREE_4);
	}
	id = removenblock(id);
	if (id)
		return error_value(id);
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_blocks(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	NBLOCK *nblk;
	VALUE result;
	int id;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	if (count == 0) {
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		result.v_num = itoq((long) countnblocks());
		return result;
	}
	if (vals[0]->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(vals[0]->v_num))
		return error_value(E_BLOCKS_1);
	id = (int) qtoi(vals[0]->v_num);

	nblk = findnblock(id);

	if (nblk == NULL) {
		return error_value(E_BLOCKS_2);
	} else {
		result.v_type = V_NBLOCK;
		result.v_nblock = nblk;
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_free(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	VALUE *val;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	while (count-- > 0) {
		val = *vals++;
		if (val->v_type == V_ADDR)
			freevalue(val->v_addr);
	}
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_freeglobals(void)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	freeglobals();
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_freeredc(void)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	freeredcdata();
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_freestatics(void)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	freestatics();
	return result;
}


/*
 * f_copy - copy consecutive items between values
 *
 *	copy(src, dst [, ssi [, num [, dsi]]])
 *
 * Copy 'num' consecutive items from 'src' with index 'ssi' to
 * 'dest', starting at position with index 'dsi'.
 */
S_FUNC VALUE
f_copy(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	long ssi = 0;	/* source start index */
	long num = -1;	/* number of items to copy (-1 ==> all) */
	long dsi = -1;	/* destination start index, -1 ==> default */
	int errtype;	/* error type if unable to perform copy */
	VALUE result;	/* null if successful */

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_type = V_NULL;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * parse args
	 */
	switch(count) {
	case 5:
		/* parse dsi */
		if (vals[4]->v_type != V_NULL) {
			if (vals[4]->v_type != V_NUM ||
			    qisfrac(vals[4]->v_num) ||
			    qisneg(vals[4]->v_num)) {
				return error_value(E_COPY_06);
			}
			if (zge31b(vals[4]->v_num->num)) {
				return error_value(E_COPY_07);
			}
			dsi = qtoi(vals[4]->v_num);
		}
		/*FALLTHRU*/

	case 4:
		/* parse num */
		if (vals[3]->v_type != V_NULL) {
			if (vals[3]->v_type != V_NUM ||
			    qisfrac(vals[3]->v_num) ||
			    qisneg(vals[3]->v_num)) {
				return error_value(E_COPY_01);
			}
			if (zge31b(vals[3]->v_num->num)) {
				return error_value(E_COPY_02);
			}
			num = qtoi(vals[3]->v_num);
		}
		/*FALLTHRU*/

	case 3:
		/* parse ssi */
		if (vals[2]->v_type != V_NULL) {
			if (vals[2]->v_type != V_NUM ||
			    qisfrac(vals[2]->v_num) ||
			    qisneg(vals[2]->v_num)) {
				return error_value(E_COPY_04);
			}
			if (zge31b(vals[2]->v_num->num)) {
				return error_value(E_COPY_05);
			}
			ssi = qtoi(vals[2]->v_num);
		}
		break;
	}

	/*
	 * copy
	 */
	errtype = copystod(vals[0], ssi, num, vals[1], dsi);
	if (errtype > 0)
		return error_value(errtype);
	return result;
}


/*
 * f_blkcpy - copy consecutive items between values
 *
 *	copy(dst, src [, num [, dsi [, ssi]]])
 *
 * Copy 'num' consecutive items from 'src' with index 'ssi' to
 * 'dest', starting at position with index 'dsi'.
 */
S_FUNC VALUE
f_blkcpy(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE *args[5];		/* args to re-order */
	VALUE null_value;	/* dummy argument */

	/* initialize VALUE */
	null_value.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * parse args into f_copy order
	 */
	args[0] = vals[1];
	args[1] = vals[0];
	null_value.v_type = V_NULL;
	args[2] = &null_value;
	args[3] = &null_value;
	args[4] = &null_value;
	switch(count) {
	case 5:
		args[2] = vals[4];
		args[4] = vals[3];
		args[3] = vals[2];
		break;
	case 4:
		count = 5;
		args[4] = vals[3];
		args[3] = vals[2];
		break;
	case 3:
		count = 4;
		args[3] = vals[2];
		break;
	}

	/*
	 * copy
	 */
	return f_copy(count, args);
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_sha1(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	HASH *state;		/* pointer to hash state to use */
	int i;			/* vals[i] to hash */

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * arg check
	 */
	if (count == 0) {

		/* return an initial hash state */
		result.v_type = V_HASH;
		result.v_hash = hash_init(SHA1_HASH_TYPE, NULL);

	} else if (count == 1 && vals[0]->v_type == V_HASH &&
		vals[0]->v_hash->hashtype == SHA1_HASH_TYPE) {

		/* if just a hash value, finalize it */
		state = hash_copy(vals[0]->v_hash);
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		result.v_num = qalloc();
		result.v_num->num = hash_final(state);
		hash_free(state);

	} else {

		/*
		 * If the first value is a hash, use that as
		 * the initial hash state
		 */
		if (vals[0]->v_type == V_HASH &&
			vals[0]->v_hash->hashtype == SHA1_HASH_TYPE) {
			state = hash_copy(vals[0]->v_hash);
			i = 1;

		/*
		 * otherwise use the default initial state
		 */
		} else {
			state = hash_init(SHA1_HASH_TYPE, NULL);
			i = 0;
		}

		/*
		 * hash the remaining values
		 */
		do {
			state = hash_value(SHA1_HASH_TYPE, vals[i], state);
		} while (++i < count);

		/*
		 * return the current hash state
		 */
		result.v_type = V_HASH;
		result.v_hash = state;
	}

	/* return the result */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_argv(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	int arg;		/* the argv_value string index */
	VALUE result;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * arg check
	 */
	if (count == 0) {

		/* return the argc count */
		result.v_type = V_NUM;
		result.v_num = itoq((long) argc_value);

	} else {

		/* firewall */
		if (vals[0]->v_type != V_NUM || qisfrac(vals[0]->v_num) ||
			qisneg(vals[0]->v_num) || zge31b(vals[0]->v_num->num)) {

			math_error("argv argument must be a integer [0,2^31)");
			not_reached();
		}

		/* determine the arg value of the argv() function */
		arg = qtoi(vals[0]->v_num);

		/* argv(0) is program or script_name if -f filename was used */
		if (arg == 0) {
			if (script_name == NULL) {
				/* paranoia */
				result.v_type = V_NULL;
			} else {
				result.v_type = V_STR;
				result.v_str = makenewstring(script_name);
			}

		/* return the n-th argv string */
		} else if (arg < argc_value && argv_value[arg-1] != NULL) {
			result.v_type = V_STR;
			result.v_str = makestring(strdup(argv_value[arg-1]));
		} else {
			result.v_type = V_NULL;
		}
	}

	/* return the result */
	return result;
}


S_FUNC VALUE
f_version(void)
{
	VALUE result;

	/* return the calc version string */
	result.v_type = V_STR;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	result.v_str = makestring(strdup(version()));

	return result;
}


/*
 * f_versin - versed sine
 */
S_FUNC VALUE
f_versin(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *c;
	NUMBER *eps;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_VERSIN_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute trig function to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
		case V_NUM:
			result.v_num = qversin(vals[0]->v_num, eps);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
			break;
		case V_COM:
			c = c_versin(vals[0]->v_com, eps);
			if (c == NULL) {
				return error_value(E_VERSIN_3);
			}
			result.v_com = c;
			result.v_type = V_COM;

			/*
			 * case: complex trig function returned real, convert result to NUMBER
			 */
			if (cisreal(c)) {
				result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
				result.v_type = V_NUM;
			}
			break;
		default:
			return error_value(E_VERSIN_2);
	}
	return result;
}


/*
 * f_aversin - inverse versed sine
 */
S_FUNC VALUE
f_aversin(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE arg1;		/* 1st arg if it is a COMPLEX value */
	VALUE result;		/* value to return */
	COMPLEX *c;		/* COMPLEX trig result */
	NUMBER *eps;		/* epsilon error tolerance */

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_AVERSIN_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute inverse trig function to a given error tolerance
	 */
	arg1 = *vals[0];
	if (arg1.v_type == V_NUM) {

		/* try to compute result using real triv function */
		result.v_num = qaversin_or_NULL(arg1.v_num, eps);

		/*
		 * case: trig function returned a NUMBER
		 */
		if (result.v_num != NULL) {
			result.v_type = V_NUM;

		/*
		 * case: trig function returned NULL - need to try COMPLEX trig function
		 */
		} else {
			/* convert NUMBER argument from NUMBER to COMPLEX */
			arg1.v_com = qqtoc(arg1.v_num, &_qzero_);
			arg1.v_type = V_COM;
		}
	}
	if (arg1.v_type == V_COM) {

		/*
		 * case: argument was COMPLEX or
		 *	 trig function returned NULL and argument was converted to COMPLEX
		 */
		c = c_aversin(arg1.v_com, eps);
		if (c == NULL) {
			return error_value(E_AVERSIN_3);
		}
		result.v_com = c;
		result.v_type = V_COM;

		/*
		 * case: complex trig function returned real, convert result to NUMBER
		 */
		if (cisreal(c)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
	}
	if (arg1.v_type != V_NUM && arg1.v_type != V_COM) {

		/*
		 * case: argument type is not valid for this function
		 */
		return error_value(E_AVERSIN_2);
	}
	return result;
}


/*
 * f_coversin - coversed sine
 */
S_FUNC VALUE
f_coversin(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *c;
	NUMBER *eps;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_COVERSIN_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute trig function to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
		case V_NUM:
			result.v_num = qcoversin(vals[0]->v_num, eps);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
			break;
		case V_COM:
			c = c_coversin(vals[0]->v_com, eps);
			if (c == NULL) {
				return error_value(E_COVERSIN_3);
			}
			result.v_com = c;
			result.v_type = V_COM;

			/*
			 * case: complex trig function returned real, convert result to NUMBER
			 */
			if (cisreal(c)) {
				result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
				result.v_type = V_NUM;
			}
			break;
		default:
			return error_value(E_COVERSIN_2);
	}
	return result;
}


/*
 * f_acoversin - inverse coversed sine
 */
S_FUNC VALUE
f_acoversin(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE arg1;		/* 1st arg if it is a COMPLEX value */
	VALUE result;		/* value to return */
	COMPLEX *c;		/* COMPLEX trig result */
	NUMBER *eps;		/* epsilon error tolerance */

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_ACOVERSIN_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute inverse trig function to a given error tolerance
	 */
	arg1 = *vals[0];
	if (arg1.v_type == V_NUM) {

		/* try to compute result using real triv function */
		result.v_num = qacoversin_or_NULL(arg1.v_num, eps);

		/*
		 * case: trig function returned a NUMBER
		 */
		if (result.v_num != NULL) {
			result.v_type = V_NUM;

		/*
		 * case: trig function returned NULL - need to try COMPLEX trig function
		 */
		} else {
			/* convert NUMBER argument from NUMBER to COMPLEX */
			arg1.v_com = qqtoc(arg1.v_num, &_qzero_);
			arg1.v_type = V_COM;
		}
	}
	if (arg1.v_type == V_COM) {

		/*
		 * case: argument was COMPLEX or
		 *	 trig function returned NULL and argument was converted to COMPLEX
		 */
		c = c_acoversin(arg1.v_com, eps);
		if (c == NULL) {
			return error_value(E_ACOVERSIN_3);
		}
		result.v_com = c;
		result.v_type = V_COM;

		/*
		 * case: complex trig function returned real, convert result to NUMBER
		 */
		if (cisreal(c)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
	}
	if (arg1.v_type != V_NUM && arg1.v_type != V_COM) {

		/*
		 * case: argument type is not valid for this function
		 */
		return error_value(E_ACOVERSIN_2);
	}
	return result;
}


/*
 * f_vercos - versed cosine
 */
S_FUNC VALUE
f_vercos(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *c;
	NUMBER *eps;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_VERCOS_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute trig function to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
		case V_NUM:
			result.v_num = qvercos(vals[0]->v_num, eps);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
			break;
		case V_COM:
			c = c_vercos(vals[0]->v_com, eps);
			if (c == NULL) {
				return error_value(E_VERCOS_3);
			}
			result.v_com = c;
			result.v_type = V_COM;

			/*
			 * case: complex trig function returned real, convert result to NUMBER
			 */
			if (cisreal(c)) {
				result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
				result.v_type = V_NUM;
			}
			break;
		default:
			return error_value(E_VERCOS_2);
	}
	return result;
}


/*
 * f_avercos - inverse versed cosine
 */
S_FUNC VALUE
f_avercos(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE arg1;		/* 1st arg if it is a COMPLEX value */
	VALUE result;		/* value to return */
	COMPLEX *c;		/* COMPLEX trig result */
	NUMBER *eps;		/* epsilon error tolerance */

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_AVERCOS_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute inverse trig function to a given error tolerance
	 */
	arg1 = *vals[0];
	if (arg1.v_type == V_NUM) {

		/* try to compute result using real triv function */
		result.v_num = qavercos_or_NULL(arg1.v_num, eps);

		/*
		 * case: trig function returned a NUMBER
		 */
		if (result.v_num != NULL) {
			result.v_type = V_NUM;

		/*
		 * case: trig function returned NULL - need to try COMPLEX trig function
		 */
		} else {
			/* convert NUMBER argument from NUMBER to COMPLEX */
			arg1.v_com = qqtoc(arg1.v_num, &_qzero_);
			arg1.v_type = V_COM;
		}
	}
	if (arg1.v_type == V_COM) {

		/*
		 * case: argument was COMPLEX or
		 *	 trig function returned NULL and argument was converted to COMPLEX
		 */
		c = c_avercos(arg1.v_com, eps);
		if (c == NULL) {
			return error_value(E_AVERCOS_3);
		}
		result.v_com = c;
		result.v_type = V_COM;

		/*
		 * case: complex trig function returned real, convert result to NUMBER
		 */
		if (cisreal(c)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
	}
	if (arg1.v_type != V_NUM && arg1.v_type != V_COM) {

		/*
		 * case: argument type is not valid for this function
		 */
		return error_value(E_AVERCOS_2);
	}
	return result;
}


/*
 * f_covercos - coversed cosine
 */
S_FUNC VALUE
f_covercos(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE result;
	COMPLEX *c;
	NUMBER *eps;

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_COVERCOS_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute trig function to a given error tolerance
	 */
	switch (vals[0]->v_type) {
		case V_NUM:
			result.v_num = qcovercos(vals[0]->v_num, eps);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
			break;
		case V_COM:
			c = c_covercos(vals[0]->v_com, eps);
			if (c == NULL) {
				return error_value(E_COVERCOS_3);
			}
			result.v_com = c;
			result.v_type = V_COM;

			/*
			 * case: complex trig function returned real, convert result to NUMBER
			 */
			if (cisreal(c)) {
				result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
				result.v_type = V_NUM;
			}
			break;
		default:
			return error_value(E_COVERCOS_2);
	}
	return result;
}


/*
 * f_acovercos - inverse coversed cosine
 */
S_FUNC VALUE
f_acovercos(int count, VALUE **vals)
{
	VALUE arg1;		/* 1st arg if it is a COMPLEX value */
	VALUE result;		/* value to return */
	COMPLEX *c;		/* COMPLEX trig result */
	NUMBER *eps;		/* epsilon error tolerance */

	/* initialize VALUE */
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;

	/*
	 * set error tolerance for builtin function
	 *
	 * Use eps VALUE arg if given and value is in a valid range.
	 */
	eps = conf->epsilon;
	if (count == 2) {
		if (verify_eps(vals[1]) == false) {
			return error_value(E_ACOVERCOS_1);
		}
		eps = vals[1]->v_num;
	}

	/*
	 * compute inverse trig function to a given error tolerance
	 */
	arg1 = *vals[0];
	if (arg1.v_type == V_NUM) {

		/* try to compute result using real triv function */
		result.v_num = qacovercos_or_NULL(arg1.v_num, eps);

		/*
		 * case: trig function returned a NUMBER
		 */
		if (result.v_num != NULL) {
			result.v_type = V_NUM;

		/*
		 * case: trig function returned NULL - need to try COMPLEX trig function
		 */
		} else {
			/* convert NUMBER argument from NUMBER to COMPLEX */
			arg1.v_com = qqtoc(arg1.v_num, &_qzero_);
			arg1.v_type = V_COM;
		}
	}
	if (arg1.v_type == V_COM) {

		/*
		 * case: argument was COMPLEX or
		 *	 trig function returned NULL and argument was converted to COMPLEX
		 */
		c = c_acovercos(arg1.v_com, eps);
		if (c == NULL) {
			return error_value(E_ACOVERCOS_3);
		}
		result.v_com = c;
		result.v_type = V_COM;

		/*
		 * case: complex trig function returned real, convert result to NUMBER
		 */
		if (cisreal(c)) {
			result.v_num = c_to_q(c, true);
			result.v_type = V_NUM;
		}
	}
	if (arg1.v_type != V_NUM && arg1.v_type != V_COM) {

		/*
		 * case: argument type is not valid for this function
		 */
		return error_value(E_ACOVERCOS_2);
	}
	return result;
}


#endif /* !FUNCLIST */


/*
 * builtins - List of primitive built-in functions
 *
 * NOTE:  This table is also used by the help/Makefile builtin rule to
 *	  form the builtin help file.  This rule will cause a sed script
 *	  to strip this table down into a just the information needed
 *	  to print builtin function list: b_name, b_minargs, b_maxargs
 *	  and b_desc.  All other struct elements will be converted to 0.
 *	  The sed script expects to find entries of the form:
 *
 *		{"...", number, number, stuff, stuff, stuff, stuff,
 *		 "...."},
 *
 *	  please keep this table in that form.
 *
 *	  For nice output, when the description of function (b_desc)
 *	  gets too long (extends into col 79) you should chop the
 *	  line and add "\n\t\t\t", that's newline and 3 tabs.
 *	  For example the description:
 *
 *		... very long description that goes beyond col 79
 *
 *	  should be written as:
 *
 *		"... very long description that\n\t\t\tgoes beyond col 79"},
 *
 * fields:
 *	b_name		name of built-in function
 *	b_minargs	minimum number of arguments
 *	b_maxargs	maximum number of arguments
 *	b_flags		special handling flags
 *	b_opcode	opcode which makes the call quick
 *	b_numfunc	routine to calculate numeric function
 *	b_valfunc	routine to calculate general values
 *	b_desc		description of function
 */
STATIC CONST struct builtin builtins[] = {
	{"abs", 1, 2, 0, OP_ABS, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "absolute value within accuracy b"},
	{"access", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_access},
	 "determine accessibility of file a for mode b"},
	{"acos", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_acos},
	 "inverse cosine of a within accuracy b"},
	{"acosh", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_acosh},
	 "inverse hyperbolic cosine of a within accuracy b"},
	{"acot", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_acot},
	 "inverse cotangent of a within accuracy b"},
	{"acoth", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_acoth},
	 "inverse hyperbolic cotangent of a within accuracy b"},
	{"acovercos", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_acovercos},
	 "inverse coversed cosine of a within accuracy b"},
	{"acoversin", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_acoversin},
	 "inverse coversed sine of a within accuracy b"},
	{"acsc", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_acsc},
	 "inverse cosecant of a within accuracy b"},
	{"acsch", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_acsch},
	 "inverse csch of a within accuracy b"},
	{"agd", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_agd},
	 "inverse Gudermannian function"},
	{"append", 1, IN, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_listappend},
	 "append values to end of list"},
	{"appr", 1, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_appr},
	 "approximate a by multiple of b using rounding c"},
	{"arg", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_arg},
	 "argument (the angle) of complex number"},
	{"argv", 0, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_argv},
	 "calc argc or argv string"},
	{"asec", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_asec},
	 "inverse secant of a within accuracy b"},
	{"asech", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_asech},
	 "inverse hyperbolic secant of a within accuracy b"},
	{"asin", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_asin},
	 "inverse sine of a within accuracy b"},
	{"asinh", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_asinh},
	 "inverse hyperbolic sine of a within accuracy b"},
	{"assoc", 0, 0, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_assoc},
	 "create new association array"},
	{"atan", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_atan},
	 "inverse tangent of a within accuracy b"},
	{"atan2", 2, 3, FE, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_3 = qatan2}, {.null = NULL},
	 "angle to point (b,a) within accuracy c"},
	{"atanh", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_atanh},
	 "inverse hyperbolic tangent of a within accuracy b"},
	{"avercos", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_avercos},
	 "inverse versed cosine of a within accuracy b"},
	{"aversin", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_aversin},
	 "inverse versed sine of a within accuracy b"},
	{"avg", 0, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_avg},
	 "arithmetic mean of values"},
	{"base", 0, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_base}, {.null = NULL},
	 "set default output base"},
	{"base2", 0, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_base2}, {.null = NULL},
	 "set default secondary output base"},
	{"bernoulli", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_bern},
	 "Bernoulli number for index a"},
	{"bit", 2, 2, 0, OP_BIT, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether bit b in value a is set"},
	{"blk", 0, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_blk},
	 "block with or without name, octet number, chunksize"},
	{"blkcpy", 2, 5, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_blkcpy},
	 "copy value to/from a block: blkcpy(d,s,len,di,si)"},
	{"blkfree", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_blkfree},
	 "free all storage from a named block"},
	{"blocks", 0, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_blocks},
	 "named block with specified index, or null value"},
	{"bround", 1, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_bround},
	 "round value a to b number of binary places"},
	{"btrunc", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_btrunc}, {.null = NULL},
	 "truncate a to b number of binary places"},
	{"calclevel", 0, 0, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_0 = f_calclevel},
	 "current calculation level"},
	{"calcpath", 0, 0, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_0 = f_calcpath},
	 "current CALCPATH search path value"},
	{"calc_tty", 0, 0, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_0 = f_calc_tty},
	 "set tty for interactivity"},
	{"catalan", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_catalan},
	 "catalan number for index a"},
	{"ceil", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_ceil},
	 "smallest integer greater than or equal to number"},
	{"cfappr", 1, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_cfappr}, {.null = NULL},
	 "approximate a within accuracy b using\n"
	 "\t\t\tcontinued fractions"},
	{"cfsim", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_cfsim}, {.null = NULL},
	 "simplify number using continued fractions"},
	{"char", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_char},
	 "character corresponding to integer value"},
	{"cmdbuf", 0, 0, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_0 = f_cmdbuf},
	 "command buffer"},
	{"cmp", 2, 2, 0, OP_CMP, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "compare values returning -1, 0, or 1"},
	{"comb", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_comb},
	 "combinatorial number a!/b!(a-b)!"},
	{"config", 1, 2, 0, OP_SETCONFIG, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "set or read configuration value"},
	{"conj", 1, 1, 0, OP_CONJUGATE, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "complex conjugate of value"},
	{"copy", 2, 5, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_copy},
	 "copy value to/from a block: copy(s,d,len,si,di)"},
	{"cos", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_cos},
	 "cosine of value a within accuracy b"},
	{"cosh", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_cosh},
	 "hyperbolic cosine of a within accuracy b"},
	{"cot", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_cot},
	 "cotangent of a within accuracy b"},
	{"coth", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_coth},
	 "hyperbolic cotangent of a within accuracy b"},
	{"count", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_count},
	 "count listr/matrix elements satisfying some condition"},
	{"covercos", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_covercos},
	 "coversed cosine of value a within accuracy b"},
	{"coversin", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_coversin},
	 "coversed sine of value a within accuracy b"},
	{"cp", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_cp},
	 "cross product of two vectors"},
	{"csc", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_csc},
	 "cosecant of a within accuracy b"},
	{"csch", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_csch},
	 "hyperbolic cosecant of a within accuracy b"},
	{"ctime", 0, 0, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_0 = f_ctime},
	 "date and time as string"},
	{"custom", 0, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_custom},
	 "custom builtin function interface"},
	{"d2dm", 3, 4, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_d2dm},
	 "convert a to b deg, c min, rounding type d\n"},
	{"d2dms", 4, 5, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_d2dms},
	 "convert a to b deg, c min, d sec, rounding type e\n"},
	{"d2g", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_d2g},
	 "convert degrees to gradians"},
	{"d2r", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_d2r},
	 "convert degrees to radians"},
	{"delete", 2, 2, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_listdelete},
	 "delete element from list a at position b"},
	{"den", 1, 1, 0, OP_DENOMINATOR, {.numfunc_1 = qden}, {.null = NULL},
	 "denominator of fraction"},
	{"det", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_det},
	 "determinant of matrix"},
	{"digit", 2, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_digit},
	 "digit at specified decimal place of number"},
	{"digits", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_digits},
	 "number of digits in base b representation of a"},
	{"display", 0, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_display},
	 "number of decimal digits for displaying numbers"},
	{"dm2d", 2, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_dm2d},
	 "convert a deg, b min to degrees, rounding type c\n"},
	{"dms2d", 3, 4, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_dms2d},
	 "convert a deg, b min, c sec to degrees, rounding type d\n"},
	{"dp", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_dp},
	 "dot product of two vectors"},
	{"epsilon", 0, 1, 0, OP_SETEPSILON, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "set or read allowed error for real calculations"},
	{"errcount", 0, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_errcount},
	 "set or read error count"},
	{"errmax", 0, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_errmax},
	 "set or read maximum for error count"},
	{"errno", 0, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_errno},
	 "set or read calc_errno"},
	{"error", 0, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_error},
	 "generate error value"},
	{"estr", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_estr},
	 "exact text string representation of value"},
	{"euler", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_euler},
	 "Euler number"},
	{"eval", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_eval},
	 "evaluate expression from string to value"},
	{"exp", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_exp},
	 "exponential of value a within accuracy b"},
	{"fact", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_fact},
	 "factorial"},
	{"factor", 1, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_factor}, {.null = NULL},
	 "lowest prime factor < b of a, return c if error"},
	{"fclose", 0, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_fclose},
	 "close file"},
	{"fcnt", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_2 = f_faccnt}, {.null = NULL},
	 "count of times one number divides another"},
	{"feof", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_feof},
	 "whether EOF reached for file"},
	{"ferror", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_ferror},
	 "whether error occurred for file"},
	{"fflush", 0, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_fflush},
	 "flush output to file(s)"},
	{"fgetc", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_fgetc},
	 "read next char from file"},
	{"fgetfield", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_fgetfield},
	 "read next white-space delimited field from file"},
	{"fgetfile", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_fgetfile},
	 "read to end of file"},
	{"fgetline", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_fgetline},
	 "read next line from file, newline removed"},
	{"fgets", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_fgets},
	 "read next line from file, newline is kept"},
	{"fgetstr", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_fgetstr},
	 "read next null-terminated string from file, null\n"
	 "\t\t\tcharacter is kept"},
	{"fib", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_1 = qfib}, {.null = NULL},
	 "Fibonacci number F(n)"},
	{"files", 0, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_files},
	 "return opened file or max number of opened files"},
	{"floor", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_floor},
	 "greatest integer less than or equal to number"},
	{"fopen", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_fopen},
	 "open file name a in mode b"},
	{"forall", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_forall},
	 "do function for all elements of list or matrix"},
	{"fpathopen", 2, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_fpathopen},
	 "open file name a in mode b, search for a along\n"
	 "\t\t\tCALCPATH or path c"},
	{"fprintf", 2, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_fprintf},
	 "print formatted output to opened file"},
	{"fputc", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_fputc},
	 "write a character to a file"},
	{"fputs", 2, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_fputs},
	 "write one or more strings to a file"},
	{"fputstr", 2, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_fputstr},
	 "write one or more null-terminated strings to a file"},
	{"frac", 1, 1, 0, OP_FRAC, {.numfunc_1 = qfrac}, {.null = NULL},
	 "fractional part of value"},
	{"free", 0, IN, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_free},
	 "free listed or all global variables"},
	{"freebernoulli", 0, 0, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_0 = f_freebern},
	 "free stored Bernoulli numbers"},
	{"freeeuler", 0, 0, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_0 = f_freeeuler},
	 "free stored Euler numbers"},
	{"freeglobals", 0, 0, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_0 = f_freeglobals},
	 "free all global and visible static variables"},
	{"freeredc", 0, 0, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_0 = f_freeredc},
	 "free redc data cache"},
	{"freestatics", 0, 0, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_0 = f_freestatics},
	 "free all un-scoped static variables"},
	{"frem", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_2 = qfacrem}, {.null = NULL},
	 "number with all occurrences of factor removed"},
	{"freopen", 2, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_freopen},
	 "reopen a file stream to a named file"},
	{"fscan", 2, IN, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_fscan},
	 "scan a file for assignments to one or\n"
	 "\t\t\tmore variables"},
	{"fscanf", 2, IN, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_fscanf},
	 "formatted scan of a file for assignment to one\n"
	 "\t\t\tor more variables"},
	{"fseek", 2, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_fseek},
	 "seek to position b (offset from c) in file a"},
	{"fsize", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_fsize},
	 "return the size of the file"},
	{"ftell", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_ftell},
	 "return the file position"},
	{"g2d", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_g2d},
	 "convert gradians to degrees"},
	{"g2gm", 3, 4, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_g2gm},
	 "convert a to b grads, c min, rounding type d\n"},
	{"g2gms", 4, 5, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_g2gms},
	 "convert a to b grads, c min, d sec, rounding type e\n"},
	{"g2r", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_g2r},
	 "convert gradians to radians"},
	{"gcd", 1, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_gcd}, {.null = NULL},
	 "greatest common divisor"},
	{"gcdrem", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_2 = qgcdrem}, {.null = NULL},
	 "a divided repeatedly by gcd with b"},
	{"gd", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_gd},
	 "Gudermannian function"},
	{"getenv", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_getenv},
	 "value of environment variable (or NULL)"},
	{"gm2g", 2, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_gm2g},
	 "convert a grads, b min to grads, rounding type c\n"},
	{"gms2g", 3, 4, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_gms2g},
	 "convert a grads, b min, c sec to grads, rounding type d\n"},
	{"h2hm", 3, 4, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_h2hm},
	 "convert a to b hours, c min, rounding type d\n"},
	{"h2hms", 4, 5, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_h2hms},
	 "convert a to b hours, c min, d sec, rounding type e\n"},
	{"hash", 1, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_hash},
	 "return non-negative hash value for one or\n"
	 "\t\t\tmore values"},
	{"head", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_head},
	 "return list of specified number at head of a list"},
	{"highbit", 1, 1, 0, OP_HIGHBIT, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "high bit number in base 2 representation"},
	{"hm2h", 2, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_hm2h},
	 "convert a hours, b min to hours, rounding type c\n"},
	{"hmean", 0, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_hmean},
	 "harmonic mean of values"},
	{"hms2h", 3, 4, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_hms2h},
	 "convert a hours, b min, c sec to hours, rounding type d\n"},
	{"hnrmod", 4, 4, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_4 = f_hnrmod}, {.null = NULL},
	 "v mod h*2^n+r, h>0, n>0, r  =  -1, 0 or 1"},
	{"hypot", 2, 3, FE, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_3 = qhypot}, {.null = NULL},
	 "hypotenuse of right triangle within accuracy c"},
	{"ilog", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_ilog},
	 "integral log of a to integral base b"},
	{"ilog10", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_ilog10},
	 "integral log of a number base 10"},
	{"ilog2", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_ilog2},
	 "integral log of a number base 2"},
	{"ilogn", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_ilog},
	 "same is ilog"},
	{"im", 1, 1, 0, OP_IM, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "imaginary part of complex number"},
	{"indices", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_indices},
	 "indices of a specified assoc or mat value"},
	{"inputlevel", 0, 0, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_0 = f_inputlevel},
	 "current input depth"},
	{"insert", 2, IN, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_listinsert},
	 "insert values c ... into list a at position b"},
	{"int", 1, 1, 0, OP_INT, {.numfunc_1 = qint}, {.null = NULL},
	 "integer part of value"},
	{"inverse", 1, 1, 0, OP_INVERT, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "multiplicative inverse of value"},
	{"iroot", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_2 = qiroot}, {.null = NULL},
	 "integer b'th root of a"},
	{"isalnum", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_isalnum},
	 "whether character is alpha-numeric"},
	{"isalpha", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_isalpha},
	 "whether character is alphabetic"},
	{"isassoc", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISASSOC, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is an association"},
	{"isatty", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_isatty},
	 "whether a file is a tty"},
	{"isblk", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISBLK, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is a block"},
	{"iscntrl", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_iscntrl},
	 "whether character is a control character"},
	{"isconfig", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISCONFIG, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is a config state"},
	{"isdefined", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISDEFINED, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a string names a function"},
	{"isdigit", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_isdigit},
	 "whether character is a digit"},
	{"iserror", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_iserror},
	 "where a value is an error"},
	{"iseven", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISEVEN, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is an even integer"},
	{"isfile", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISFILE, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is a file"},
	{"isgraph", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_isgraph},
	 "whether character is a graphical character"},
	{"ishash", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISHASH, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is a hash state"},
	{"isident", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_isident},
	 "returns 1 if identity matrix"},
	{"isint", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISINT, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is an integer"},
	{"islist", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISLIST, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is a list"},
	{"islower", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_islower},
	 "whether character is lower case"},
	{"ismat", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISMAT, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is a matrix"},
	{"ismult", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_2 = f_ismult}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a is a multiple of b"},
	{"isnull", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISNULL, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is the null value"},
	{"isnum", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISNUM, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is a number"},
	{"isobj", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISOBJ, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is an object"},
	{"isobjtype", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISOBJTYPE, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a string names an object type"},
	{"isoctet", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISOCTET, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is an octet"},
	{"isodd", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISODD, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is an odd integer"},
	{"isprime", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_isprime}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a is a small prime, return b if error"},
	{"isprint", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_isprint},
	 "whether character is printable"},
	{"isptr", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISPTR, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is a pointer"},
	{"ispunct", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_ispunct},
	 "whether character is a punctuation"},
	{"isqrt", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_1 = qisqrt}, {.null = NULL},
	 "integer part of square root"},
	{"isrand", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISRAND, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is a subtractive 100 state"},
	{"israndom", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISRANDOM, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is a Blum state"},
	{"isreal", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISREAL, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is a real number"},
	{"isrel", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_2 = f_isrel}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether two numbers are relatively prime"},
	{"issimple", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISSIMPLE, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether value is a simple type"},
	{"isspace", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_isspace},
	 "whether character is a space character"},
	{"issq", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_1 = f_issquare}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether or not number is a square"},
	{"isstr", 1, 1, 0, OP_ISSTR, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a value is a string"},
	{"istype", 2, 2, 0, OP_ISTYPE, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether the type of a is same as the type of b"},
	{"isupper", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_isupper},
	 "whether character is upper case"},
	{"isxdigit", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_isxdigit},
	 "whether character is a hexadecimal digit"},
	{"jacobi", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_2 = qjacobi}, {.null = NULL},
	 "-1  = > a is not quadratic residue mod b\n"
	 "\t\t\t1  = > b is composite, or a is quad residue of b"},
	{"join", 1, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_join},
	 "join one or more lists into one list"},
	{"lcm", 1, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_lcm}, {.null = NULL},
	 "least common multiple"},
	{"lcmfact", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_1 = qlcmfact}, {.null = NULL},
	 "lcm of all integers up till number"},
	{"lfactor", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_2 = qlowfactor}, {.null = NULL},
	 "lowest prime factor of a in first b primes"},
	{"links", 1, 1, 0, OP_LINKS, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "links to number or string value"},
	{"list", 0, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_list},
	 "create list of specified values"},
	{"ln", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_ln},
	 "natural logarithm of value a within accuracy b"},
	{"log", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_log},
	 "base 10 logarithm of value a within accuracy b"},
	{"log2", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_log2},
	 "base 2 logarithm of value a within accuracy b"},
	{"logn", 2, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_logn},
	 "base b logarithm of value a within accuracy c"},
	{"lowbit", 1, 1, 0, OP_LOWBIT, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "low bit number in base 2 representation"},
	{"ltol", 1, 2, FE, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_2 = f_legtoleg}, {.null = NULL},
	 "leg-to-leg of unit right triangle (sqrt(1 - a^2))"},
	{"makelist", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_makelist},
	 "create a list with a null elements"},
	{"matdim", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_matdim},
	 "number of dimensions of matrix"},
	{"matfill", 2, 3, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_matfill},
	 "fill matrix with value b (value c on diagonal)"},
	{"matmax", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_matmax},
	 "maximum index of matrix a dim b"},
	{"matmin", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_matmin},
	 "minimum index of matrix a dim b"},
	{"matsum", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_matsum},
	 "sum the numeric values in a matrix"},
	{"mattrace", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_mattrace},
	 "return the trace of a square matrix"},
	{"mattrans", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_mattrans},
	 "transpose of matrix"},
	{"max", 0, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_max},
	 "maximum value"},
	{"memsize", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_memsize},
	 "number of octets used by the value, including overhead"},
	{"meq", 3, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_3 = f_meq}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a and b are equal modulo c"},
	{"min", 0, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_min},
	 "minimum value"},
	{"minv", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_2 = qminv}, {.null = NULL},
	 "inverse of a modulo b"},
	{"mmin", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_mmin},
	 "a mod b value with smallest abs value"},
	{"mne", 3, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_3 = f_mne}, {.null = NULL},
	 "whether a and b are not equal modulo c"},
	{"mod", 2, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_mod},
	 "residue of a modulo b, rounding type c"},
	{"modify", 2, 2, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_modify},
	 "modify elements of a list or matrix"},
	{"name", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_name},
	 "name assigned to block or file"},
	{"near", 2, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_near}, {.null = NULL},
	 "sign of (abs(a-b) - c)"},
	{"newerror", 0, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_newerror},
	 "create new error type with message a"},
	{"nextcand", 1, 5, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_nextcand}, {.null = NULL},
	 "smallest value  =  =  d mod e > a, ptest(a,b,c) true"},
	{"nextprime", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_nprime}, {.null = NULL},
	 "return next small prime, return b if err"},
	{"norm", 1, 1, 0, OP_NORM, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "norm of a value (square of absolute value)"},
	{"null", 0, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_null},
	 "null value"},
	{"num", 1, 1, 0, OP_NUMERATOR, {.numfunc_1 = qnum}, {.null = NULL},
	 "numerator of fraction"},
	{"ord", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_ord},
	 "integer corresponding to character value"},
	{"param", 1, 1, 0, OP_ARGVALUE, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "value of parameter n (or parameter count if n\n"
	 "\t\t\tis zero)"},
	{"perm", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_2 = qperm}, {.null = NULL},
	 "permutation number a!/(a-b)!"},
	{"pfact", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_1 = qpfact}, {.null = NULL},
	 "product of primes up till number"},
	{"pi", 0, 1, FE, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_1 = qpi}, {.null = NULL},
	 "value of pi accurate to within epsilon"},
	{"pix", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_pix}, {.null = NULL},
	 "number of primes < =  a < 2^32, return b if error"},
	{"places", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_places},
	 "places after \"decimal\" point (-1 if infinite)"},
	{"pmod", 3, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_3 = qpowermod}, {.null = NULL},
	 "mod of a power (a ^ b (mod c))"},
	{"polar", 2, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_polar},
	 "complex value of polar coordinate (a * exp(b*1i))"},
	{"poly", 1, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_poly},
	 "evaluates a polynomial given its coefficients\n"
	 "\t\t\tor coefficient-list"},
	{"pop", 1, 1, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_listpop},
	 "pop value from front of list"},
	{"popcnt", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_popcnt}, {.null = NULL},
	 "number of bits in a that match b (or 1)"},
	{"power", 2, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_power},
	 "value a raised to the power b within accuracy c"},
	{"prevcand", 1, 5, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_prevcand}, {.null = NULL},
	 "largest value  =  =  d mod e < a, ptest(a,b,c) true"},
	{"prevprime", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_pprime}, {.null = NULL},
	 "return previous small prime, return b if err"},
	{"printf", 1, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_printf},
	 "print formatted output to stdout"},
	{"prompt", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_prompt},
	 "prompt for input line using value a"},
	{"protect", 1, 3, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_protect},
	 "read or set protection level for variable"},
	{"ptest", 1, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_primetest}, {.null = NULL},
	 "probabilistic primality test"},
	{"push", 1, IN, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_listpush},
	 "push values onto front of list"},
	{"putenv", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_putenv},
	 "define an environment variable"},
	{"quo", 2, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_quo},
	 "integer quotient of a by b, rounding type c"},
	{"quomod", 4, 5, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_quomod},
	 "set c and d to quotient and remainder of a\n"
	 "\t\t\tdivided by b"},
	{"r2d", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_r2d},
	 "convert radians to degrees"},
	{"r2g", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_r2g},
	 "convert radians to gradians"},
	{"rand", 0, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_rand}, {.null = NULL},
	 "subtractive 100 random number [0,2^64), [0,a), or [a,b)"},
	{"randbit", 0, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_randbit}, {.null = NULL},
	 "subtractive 100 random number [0,2^a)"},
	{"random", 0, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_random}, {.null = NULL},
	 "Blum-Blum-Shub random number [0,2^64), [0,a), or [a,b)"},
	{"randombit", 0, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_randombit}, {.null = NULL},
	 "Blum-Blum-Sub random number [0,2^a)"},
	{"randperm", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_randperm},
	 "random permutation of a list or matrix"},
	{"rcin", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_2 = qredcin}, {.null = NULL},
	 "convert normal number a to REDC number mod b"},
	{"rcmul", 3, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_3 = qredcmul}, {.null = NULL},
	 "multiply REDC numbers a and b mod c"},
	{"rcout", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_2 = qredcout}, {.null = NULL},
	 "convert REDC number a mod b to normal number"},
	{"rcpow", 3, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_3 = qredcpower}, {.null = NULL},
	 "raise REDC number a to power b mod c"},
	{"rcsq", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_2 = qredcsquare}, {.null = NULL},
	 "square REDC number a mod b"},
	{"re", 1, 1, 0, OP_RE, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "real part of complex number"},
	{"remove", 1, 1, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_listremove},
	 "remove value from end of list"},
	{"reverse", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_reverse},
	 "reverse a copy of a matrix or list"},
	{"rewind", 0, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_rewind},
	 "rewind file(s)"},
	{"rm", 1, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_rm},
	 "remove file(s), -f turns off no-such-file errors"},
	{"root", 2, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_root},
	 "value a taken to the b'th root within accuracy c"},
	{"round", 1, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_round},
	 "round value a to b number of decimal places"},
	{"rsearch", 2, 4, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_rsearch},
	 "reverse search matrix or list for value b\n"
	 "\t\t\tstarting at index c"},
	{"runtime", 0, 0, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_0 = f_runtime}, {.null = NULL},
	 "user and kernel mode CPU time in seconds"},
	{"saveval", 1, 1, 0, OP_SAVEVAL, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "set flag for saving values"},
	{"scale", 2, 2, 0, OP_SCALE, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "scale value up or down by a power of two"},
	{"scan", 1, IN, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_scan},
	 "scan standard input for assignment to one\n"
	 "\t\t\tor more variables"},
	{"scanf", 2, IN, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_scanf},
	 "formatted scan of standard input for assignment\n"
	 "\t\t\tto variables"},
	{"search", 2, 4, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_search},
	 "search matrix or list for value b starting\n"
	 "\t\t\tat index c"},
	{"sec", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_sec},
	 "sec of a within accuracy b"},
	{"sech", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_sech},
	 "hyperbolic secant of a within accuracy b"},
	{"seed", 0, 0, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_0 = f_seed}, {.null = NULL},
	 "return a 64 bit seed for a pseudo-random generator"},
	{"segment", 2, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_segment},
	 "specified segment of specified list"},
	{"select", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_select},
	 "form sublist of selected elements from list"},
	{"setbit", 2, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_setbit},
	 "set specified bit in string"},
	{"sgn", 1, 1, 0, OP_SGN, {.numfunc_1 = qsign}, {.null = NULL},
	 "sign of value (-1, 0, 1)"},
	{"sha1", 0, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_sha1},
	 "Secure Hash Algorithm (SHS-1 FIPS Pub 180-1)"},
	{"sin", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_sin},
	 "sine of value a within accuracy b"},
	{"sinh", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_sinh},
	 "hyperbolic sine of a within accuracy b"},
	{"size", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_size},
	 "total number of elements in value"},
	{"sizeof", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_sizeof},
	 "number of octets used to hold the value"},
	{"sleep", 0, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_sleep},
	 "suspend operation for a seconds"},
	{"sort", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_sort},
	 "sort a copy of a matrix or list"},
	{"sqrt", 1, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_sqrt},
	 "square root of value a within accuracy b"},
	{"srand", 0, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_srand},
	 "seed the rand() function"},
	{"srandom", 0, 4, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_srandom},
	 "seed the random() function"},
	{"ssq", 1, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_ssq},
	 "sum of squares of values"},
	{"stoponerror", 0, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_stoponerror},
	 "assign value to stoponerror flag"},
	{"str", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_str},
	 "simple value converted to string"},
	{"strcasecmp", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_strcasecmp},
	 "compare two strings case independent"},
	{"strcat", 1,IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_strcat},
	 "concatenate strings together"},
	{"strcmp", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_strcmp},
	 "compare two strings"},
	{"strcpy", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_strcpy},
	 "copy string to string"},
	{"strerror", 0, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_strerror},
	 "string describing error type"},
	{"strlen", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_strlen},
	 "length of string"},
	{"strncasecmp", 3, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_3 = f_strncasecmp},
	 "compare strings a, b to c characters case independent"},
	{"strncmp", 3, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_3 = f_strncmp},
	 "compare strings a, b to c characters"},
	{"strncpy", 3, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_3 = f_strncpy},
	 "copy up to c characters from string to string"},
	{"strpos", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_strpos},
	 "index of first occurrence of b in a"},
	{"strprintf", 1, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_strprintf},
	 "return formatted output as a string"},
	{"strscan", 2, IN, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_strscan},
	 "scan a string for assignments to one or more variables"},
	{"strscanf", 2, IN, FA, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_strscanf},
	 "formatted scan of string for assignments to variables"},
        {"strtolower", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_strtolower},
         "Make string lower case"},
        {"strtoupper", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_strtoupper},
         "Make string upper case"},
	{"substr", 3, 3, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_3 = f_substr},
	 "substring of a from position b for c chars"},
	{"sum", 0, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_sum},
	 "sum of list or object sums and/or other terms"},
	{"swap", 2, 2, 0, OP_SWAP, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "swap values of variables a and b (can be dangerous)"},
	{"system", 1, 1, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_1 = f_system},
	 "call Unix command"},
	{"systime", 0, 0, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_0 = f_systime}, {.null = NULL},
	 "kernel mode CPU time in seconds"},
	{"tail", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_tail},
	 "retain list of specified number at tail of list"},
	{"tan", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_tan},
	 "tangent of a within accuracy b"},
	{"tanh", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_tanh},
	 "hyperbolic tangent of a within accuracy b"},
	{"test", 1, 1, 0, OP_TEST, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 "test that value is nonzero"},
	{"time", 0, 0, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_0 = f_time}, {.null = NULL},
	 "number of seconds since 00:00:00 1 Jan 1970 UTC"},
	{"trunc", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_cnt = f_trunc}, {.null = NULL},
	 "truncate a to b number of decimal places"},
	{"ungetc", 2, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_2 = f_ungetc},
	 "unget char read from file"},
	{"usertime", 0, 0, 0, OP_NOP, {.numfunc_0 = f_usertime}, {.null = NULL},
	 "user mode CPU time in seconds"},
	{"vercos", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_vercos},
	 "versed cosine of value a within accuracy b"},
	{"versin", 1, 2, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_versin},
	 "versed sine of value a within accuracy b"},
	{"version", 0, 0, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_0 = f_version},
	 "calc version string"},
	{"xor", 1, IN, 0, OP_NOP, {.null = NULL}, {.valfunc_cnt = f_xor},
	 "logical xor"},

	/* end of table */
	{NULL, 0, 0, 0, 0, {.null = NULL}, {.null = NULL},
	 NULL}
};


/*
 * Show the list of primitive built-in functions
 *
 * When FUNCLIST is defined, we are being compiled by rules from the help
 * sub-directory to form a program that will produce the main part of the
 * builtin help file.
 *
 * See the builtin rule in the help/Makefile for details.
 */
#if defined(FUNCLIST)
int
main(void)
{
	CONST struct builtin *bp;	/* current function */

	printf("\nName\tArgs\tDescription\n\n");
	for (bp = builtins; bp->b_name; bp++) {
		printf("%-9s ", bp->b_name);
		if (bp->b_maxargs == IN)
			printf("%d+    ", bp->b_minargs);
		else if (bp->b_minargs == bp->b_maxargs)
			printf("%-6d", bp->b_minargs);
		else
			printf("%d-%-4d", bp->b_minargs, bp->b_maxargs);
		printf("%s\n", bp->b_desc);
	}
	printf("\n");
	return 0;	/* exit(0); */
}
#else /* FUNCLIST */
void
showbuiltins(void)
{
	CONST struct builtin *bp;	/* current function */
	int i;

	printf("\nName\tArgs\tDescription\n\n");
	for (bp = builtins, i = 0; bp->b_name; bp++, i++) {
		printf("%-14s ", bp->b_name);
		if (bp->b_maxargs == IN)
			printf("%d+    ", bp->b_minargs);
		else if (bp->b_minargs == bp->b_maxargs)
			printf("%-6d", bp->b_minargs);
		else
			printf("%d-%-4d", bp->b_minargs, bp->b_maxargs);
		printf("%s\n", bp->b_desc);
		if (i == 32) {
			i = 0;
			if (getchar() == 27)
				break;
		}
	}
	printf("\n");
}
#endif /* FUNCLIST */


#if !defined(FUNCLIST)

/*
 * Call a built-in function.
 * Arguments to the function are on the stack, but are not removed here.
 * Functions are either purely numeric, or else can take any value type.
 *
 * given:
 *	index		index on where to scan in builtin table
 *	argcount	number of args
 *	stck		arguments on the stack
 */
VALUE
builtinfunc(long index, int argcount, VALUE *stck)
{
	VALUE *sp;			/* pointer to stack entries */
	VALUE **vpp;			/* pointer to current value address */
	CONST struct builtin *bp;	/* builtin function to be called */
	NUMBER *numargs[IN];		/* numeric arguments for function */
	VALUE *valargs[IN];		/* addresses of actual arguments */
	VALUE result;			/* general result of function */
	long i;

	if ((unsigned long)index >=
	    (sizeof(builtins) / sizeof(builtins[0])) - 1) {
		math_error("Bad built-in function index");
		not_reached();
	}
	bp = &builtins[index];
	if (argcount < bp->b_minargs) {
		math_error("Too few arguments for builtin function \"%s\"",
		    bp->b_name);
		not_reached();
	}
	if ((argcount > bp->b_maxargs) || (argcount > IN)) {
		math_error("Too many arguments for builtin function \"%s\"",
		    bp->b_name);
		not_reached();
	}
	/*
	 * If an address was passed, then point at the real variable,
	 * otherwise point at the stack value itself (unless the function
	 * is very special).
	 */
	sp = stck - argcount + 1;
	vpp = valargs;
	for (i = argcount; i > 0; i--) {
		if ((sp->v_type != V_ADDR) || (bp->b_flags & FA))
			*vpp = sp;
		else
			*vpp = sp->v_addr;
		sp++;
		vpp++;
	}
	/*
	 * Handle general values if the function accepts them.
	 */
	if (bp->b_valfunc.null != NULL) {
		vpp = valargs;
		if ((bp->b_minargs == 1) && (bp->b_maxargs == 1))
			result = (*bp->b_valfunc.valfunc_1)(vpp[0]);
		else if ((bp->b_minargs == 2) && (bp->b_maxargs == 2))
			result = (*bp->b_valfunc.valfunc_2)(vpp[0], vpp[1]);
		else if ((bp->b_minargs == 3) && (bp->b_maxargs == 3))
			result = (*bp->b_valfunc.valfunc_3)(vpp[0], vpp[1], vpp[2]);
		else if ((bp->b_minargs == 4) && (bp->b_maxargs == 4))
			result = (*bp->b_valfunc.valfunc_4)(vpp[0],vpp[1],vpp[2],vpp[3]);
		else
			result = (*bp->b_valfunc.valfunc_cnt)(argcount, vpp);
		return result;
	}
	/*
	 * Function must be purely numeric, so handle that.
	 */
	vpp = valargs;
	for (i = 0; i < argcount; i++) {
		if ((*vpp)->v_type != V_NUM) {
			math_error("Non-real argument for builtin function %s",
				   bp->b_name);
			not_reached();
		}
		numargs[i] = (*vpp)->v_num;
		vpp++;
	}
	result.v_type = V_NUM;
	result.v_subtype = V_NOSUBTYPE;
	if (!(bp->b_flags & FE) && (bp->b_minargs != bp->b_maxargs)) {
		result.v_num = (*bp->b_numfunc.numfunc_cnt)(argcount, numargs);
		return result;
	}
	if ((bp->b_flags & FE) && (argcount < bp->b_maxargs))
		numargs[argcount++] = conf->epsilon;

	switch (argcount) {
		case 0:
			result.v_num = (*bp->b_numfunc.numfunc_0)();
			break;
		case 1:
			result.v_num = (*bp->b_numfunc.numfunc_1)(numargs[0]);
			break;
		case 2:
			result.v_num = (*bp->b_numfunc.numfunc_2)(numargs[0], numargs[1]);
			break;
		case 3:
			result.v_num = (*bp->b_numfunc.numfunc_3)(numargs[0],
					numargs[1], numargs[2]);
			break;
		case 4:
			result.v_num = (*bp->b_numfunc.numfunc_4)(numargs[0], numargs[1],
					numargs[2], numargs[3]);
			break;
		default:
			math_error("Bad builtin function call");
			not_reached();
	}
	return result;
}


/*
 * Return the index of a built-in function given its name.
 * Returns minus one if the name is not known.
 */
int
getbuiltinfunc(char *name)
{
	CONST struct builtin *bp;

	for (bp = builtins; bp->b_name; bp++) {
		if ((*name == *bp->b_name) && (strcmp(name, bp->b_name) == 0))
		return (bp - builtins);
	}
	return -1;
}


/*
 * Given the index of a built-in function, return its name.
 */
char *
builtinname(long index)
{
	if ((unsigned long)index >=
	    (sizeof(builtins) / sizeof(builtins[0])) - 1)
		return "";
	return builtins[index].b_name;
}


/*
 * Given the index of a built-in function, and the number of arguments seen,
 * determine if the number of arguments are legal.  This routine is called
 * during parsing time.
 */
void
builtincheck(long index, int count)
{
	CONST struct builtin *bp;

	if ((unsigned long)index >=
	    (sizeof(builtins) / sizeof(builtins[0])) - 1) {
		math_error("Unknown built in index");
		not_reached();
	}
	bp = &builtins[index];
	if (count < bp->b_minargs)
		scanerror(T_NULL,
		    "Too few arguments for builtin function \"%s\"",
	bp->b_name);
	if (count > bp->b_maxargs)
		scanerror(T_NULL,
		    "Too many arguments for builtin function \"%s\"",
		    bp->b_name);
}


/*
 * Return the opcode for a built-in function that can be used to avoid
 * the function call at all.
 */
int
builtinopcode(long index)
{
	if ((unsigned long)index >=
	    (sizeof(builtins) / sizeof(builtins[0])) - 1)
		return OP_NOP;
	return builtins[index].b_opcode;
}

/*
 * Show the error-values created by newerror(str).
 */
void
showerrors(void)
{
	int i;

	if (nexterrnum == E__USERDEF)
		printf("No new error-values created\n");
	for (i = E__USERDEF; i < nexterrnum; i++)
		printf("%d: %s\n", i,
			namestr(&newerrorstr, i - E__USERDEF));
}


/*
 * malloced_putenv - Keep track of malloced environment variable storage
 *
 * given:
 *	str	a malloced string which will be given to putenv
 *
 * returns:
 *	putenv() return value
 *
 * NOTE: The caller MUST pass a string that the caller has previously malloced.
 */
S_FUNC int
malloced_putenv(char *str)
{
	char *value;	/* location of the value part of the str argument */
	char *old_val;	/* previously stored (or inherited) env value */
	int found_cnt;	/* number of active env_pool entries found */
	struct env_pool *new;	/* new e_pool */
	int i;

	/*
	 * firewall
	 */
	if (str == NULL) {
		math_error("malloced_putenv given a NULL pointer!!");
		not_reached();
	}
	if (str[0] == '=') {
		math_error("malloced_putenv = is first character in string!!");
		not_reached();
	}

	/*
	 * determine the place where getenv would return
	 */
	value = strchr(str, '=');
	if (value == NULL) {
		math_error("malloced_putenv = not found in string!!");
		not_reached();
	}
	++value;

	/*
	 * lookup for an existing environment value
	 */
	*(value-1) = '\0';
	old_val = getenv(str);
	*(value-1) = '=';

	/*
	 * If we have the value in our environment, look for a
	 * previously malloced string and free it
	 */
	if (old_val != NULL && env_pool_cnt > 0) {
		for (i=0, found_cnt=0;
		     i < env_pool_max && found_cnt < env_pool_cnt;
		     ++i) {

			/* skip an unused entry */
			if (e_pool[i].getenv == NULL) {
			    continue;
			}
			++found_cnt;

			/* look for the 1st match */
			if (e_pool[i].getenv == value) {

				/* found match, free the storage */
				if (e_pool[i].putenv != NULL) {
					free(e_pool[i].putenv);
				}
				e_pool[i].getenv = NULL;
				--env_pool_cnt;
				break;
			}
		}
	}

	/*
	 * ensure that we have room in the e_pool
	 */
	if (env_pool_max == 0) {

		/* allocate an initial pool (with one extra guard value) */
		new = (struct env_pool *)malloc((ENV_POOL_CHUNK+1) *
						sizeof(struct env_pool));
		if (new == NULL) {
			math_error("malloced_putenv malloc failed");
			not_reached();
		}
		e_pool = new;
		env_pool_max = ENV_POOL_CHUNK;
		for (i=0; i <= ENV_POOL_CHUNK; ++i) {
			e_pool[i].getenv = NULL;
		}

	} else if (env_pool_cnt >= env_pool_max) {

		/* expand the current pool (with one extra guard value) */
		new = (struct env_pool *)realloc(e_pool,
					     (env_pool_max+ENV_POOL_CHUNK+1) *
					     sizeof(struct env_pool));
		if (new == NULL) {
			math_error("malloced_putenv realloc failed");
			not_reached();
		}
		e_pool = new;
		for (i=env_pool_max; i <= env_pool_max + ENV_POOL_CHUNK; ++i) {
			e_pool[i].getenv = NULL;
		}
		env_pool_max += ENV_POOL_CHUNK;
	}

	/*
	 * store our data into the first e_pool entry
	 */
	for (i=0; i < env_pool_max; ++i) {

		/* skip used entries */
		if (e_pool[i].getenv != NULL) {
			continue;
		}

		/* store in this free entry and stop looping */
		e_pool[i].getenv = value;
		e_pool[i].putenv = str;
		++env_pool_cnt;
		break;
	}
	if (i >= env_pool_max) {
		math_error("malloced_putenv missed unused entry!!");
		not_reached();
	}

	/*
	 * finally, do the putenv action
	 */
	return putenv(str);
}


#endif /* FUNCLIST */