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Landon Curt Noll
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
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CALC - An arbitrary precision calculator.
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by David I. Bell
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CALC - An arbitrary precision calculator.
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by David I. Bell
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This is a calculator program with arbitrary precision arithmetic.
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All numbers are represented as fractions with arbitrarily large
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numerators and denominators which are always reduced to lowest terms.
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Real or exponential format numbers can be input and are converted
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to the equivalent fraction. Hex, binary, or octal numbers can be
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to the equivalent fraction. Hex, binary, or octal numbers can be
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input by using numbers with leading '0x', '0b' or '0' characters.
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Complex numbers can be input using a trailing 'i', as in '2+3i'.
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Strings and characters are input by using single or double quotes.
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Commands are statements in a C-like language, where each input
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line is treated as the body of a procedure. Thus the command
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line is treated as the body of a procedure. Thus the command
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line can contain variable declarations, expressions, labels,
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conditional tests, and loops. Assignments to any variable name
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will automatically define that name as a global variable. The
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@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
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which are evaluated are automatically printed. Thus, you can evaluate
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an expression's value by simply typing it in.
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Many useful built-in mathematical functions are available. Use
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Many useful built-in mathematical functions are available. Use
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the 'show builtins' command to list them. You can also define
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your own functions by using the 'define' keyword, followed by a
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function declaration very similar to C. Functions which only
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@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
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Variables in functions can be defined as either 'global', 'local',
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or 'static'. Global variables are common to all functions and the
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command line, whereas local variables are unique to each function
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level, and are destroyed when the function returns. Static variables
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level, and are destroyed when the function returns. Static variables
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are scoped within single input files, or within functions, and are
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never destroyed. Variables are not typed at definition time, but
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dynamically change as they are used. So you must supply the correct
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@@ -40,57 +40,57 @@
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every builtin function, command as well as a number of other
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aspects of calc usage. Try the command:
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help help
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help help
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for and overview of the help system. The command:
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help builtin
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help builtin
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provides information on built-in mathematical functions, whereas:
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help asinh
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help asinh
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will provides information a specific function. The following
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help files:
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help command
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help define
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help operator
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help statement
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help variable
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help command
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help define
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help operator
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help statement
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help variable
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provide a good overview of the calc language. If you are familiar
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with C, you should also try:
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help unexpected
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help unexpected
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It contains information about differences between C and calc
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that may surprise you.
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To learn about calc standard resource files, try:
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help resource
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help resource
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To learn how to invoke the calc command and about calc -flags, try:
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help usage
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help usage
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To learn about calc shell scripts, try:
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help script
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help script
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A full and extensive overview of calc may be obtained by:
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help full
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help full
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The man command is an alias for the help command. Try:
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man jacobi
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man jacobi
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Only calc help files may be displayed by the help and man commands.
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By default, arguments to functions are passed by value (even
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matrices). For speed, you can put an ampersand before any
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matrices). For speed, you can put an ampersand before any
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variable argument in a function call, and that variable will be
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passed by reference instead. However, if the function changes
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its argument, the variable will change. Arguments to built-in
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@@ -127,17 +127,17 @@
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example 'x.real'. All user-defined routines have names composed
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of the object type and the action to perform separated by an
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underscore, as in the example 'complex_add'. The command 'show
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objfuncs' lists all the definable routines. Object routines
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objfuncs' lists all the definable routines. Object routines
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which accept two arguments should be prepared to handle cases
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in which either one of the arguments is not of the expected
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object type.
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These are the differences between the normal C operators and
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the ones defined by the calculator. The '/' operator divides
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the ones defined by the calculator. The '/' operator divides
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fractions, so that '7 / 2' evaluates to 7/2. The '//' operator
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is an integer divide, so that '7 // 2' evaluates to 3. The '^'
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operator is a integral power function, so that 3^4 evaluates to
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81. Matrices of any dimension can be treated as a zero based
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81. Matrices of any dimension can be treated as a zero based
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linear array using double square brackets, as in 'foo[[3]]'.
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Matrices can be indexed by using commas between the indices, as
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in foo[3,4]. Object and list elements can be referenced by
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@@ -149,32 +149,32 @@
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output values. A trailing colon suppresses printing of the end
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of line. An example of printing is
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print "The square of", x, "is", x^2
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print "The square of", x, "is", x^2
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The 'config' function is used to modify certain parameters that
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affect calculations or the display of values. For example, the
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output display mode can be set using:
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config("mode", type)
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config("mode", type)
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where 'type' is one of 'frac', 'int', 'real', 'exp', 'hex',
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'oct', or 'bin'. The default output mode is real. For the
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'oct', or 'bin'. The default output mode is real. For the
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integer, real, or exponential formats, a leading '~' indicates
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that the number was truncated to the number of decimal places
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specified by the default precision. If the '~' does not
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specified by the default precision. If the '~' does not
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appear, then the displayed number is the exact value.
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The number of decimal places printed is set by using:
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config("display", n)
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config("display", n)
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The default precision for real-valued functions can be set by
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using 'epsilon(x)', where x is the required precision (such as
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1e-50). For example:
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config("display", 70)
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epsilon(1e-70)
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sin(1)
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config("display", 70)
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epsilon(1e-70)
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sin(1)
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There is a command stack feature so that you can easily
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re-execute previous commands and expressions from the terminal.
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@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
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##
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## Calc is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
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## ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
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## or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General
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## or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General
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## Public License for more details.
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##
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## A copy of version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License is
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@@ -202,8 +202,8 @@
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## received a copy with calc; if not, write to Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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## 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
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##
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## Under source code control: 1991/07/21 04:37:23
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## File existed as early as: 1991
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## Under source code control: 1991/07/21 04:37:23
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## File existed as early as: 1991
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##
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## chongo <was here> /\oo/\ http://www.isthe.com/chongo/
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## Share and enjoy! :-) http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/calc/
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## chongo <was here> /\oo/\ http://www.isthe.com/chongo/
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## Share and enjoy! :-) http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/calc/
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