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Release calc version 2.11.2t1.0

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Landon Curt Noll
2000-06-07 09:12:46 -07:00
parent 417ffb6ab5
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help/intro
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
Quick introduction
What is calc?
This is an interactive calculator which provides for easy large
Calc is an interactive calculator which provides for easy large
numeric calculations, but which also can be easily programmed
for difficult or long calculations. It can accept a command line
argument, in which case it executes that single command and exits.
@@ -11,53 +11,164 @@ Quick introduction
3 * (4 + 1)
and the calculator will print 15.
and the calculator will print:
15
Calc as the usual collection of arithmetic operators +, -, /, *
as well as ^ (exponentiation), % (modulus) and // (integer divide).
For example:
3 * 19^43 - 1
will produce:
29075426613099201338473141505176993450849249622191102976
Notice that calc values can be very large. For example:
2^23209-1
will print:
402874115778988778181873329071 ... many digits ... 3779264511
The special '.' symbol (called dot), represents the result of the
last command expression, if any. This is of great use when a series
of partial results are calculated, or when the output mode is changed
and the last result needs to be redisplayed. For example, the above
result can be doubled by typing:
result can be modified by typing:
. * 2
. % (2^127-1)
and the calculator will print 30.
and the calculator will print:
47385033654019111249345128555354223304
For more complex calculations, variables can be used to save the
intermediate results. For example, the result of adding 7 to the
previous result can be saved by typing:
old = . + 7
curds = 15
whey = 7 + 2*curds
Functions can be used in expressions. There are a great number of
pre-defined functions. For example, the following will calculate
the factorial of the value of 'old':
fact(old)
fact(whey)
and the calculator prints 13763753091226345046315979581580902400000000.
Notice that numbers can be very large. (There is a practical limit
of several thousand digits before calculations become too slow.)
and the calculator prints:
The calculator can calculate transcendental functions, and accept and
display numbers in real or exponential format. For example, typing:
config("display", 50)
epsilon(1e-50)
sin(1)
prints "~.84147098480789650665250232163029899962256306079837".
13763753091226345046315979581580902400000000
The calculator also knows about complex numbers, so that typing:
(2+3i) * (4-3i)
cos(.)
prints "17+6i".
will print:
For more information about the calc lauguage and features, try:
17+6i
-55.50474777265624667147+193.9265235748927986537i
The calculator can calculate transcendental functions, and accept and
display numbers in real or exponential format. For example, typing:
config("display", 70)
epsilon(1e-70)
sin(1)
prints:
0.8414709848078965066525023216302989996225630607983710656727517099919104
Calc can output values in terms of fractions, octal or hexadecimal.
For example:
config("mode", "fraction"),
(17/19)^23
base(16),
(19/17)^29
will print:
19967568900859523802559065713/257829627945307727248226067259
0x9201e65bdbb801eaf403f657efcf863/0x5cd2e2a01291ffd73bee6aa7dcf7d1
All numbers are represented as fractions with arbitrarily large
numerators and denominators which are always reduced to lowest terms.
Real or exponential format numbers can be input and are converted
to the equivalent fraction. Hex, binary, or octal numbers can be
input by using numbers with leading '0x', '0b' or '0' characters.
Complex numbers can be input using a trailing 'i', as in '2+3i'.
Strings and characters are input by using single or double quotes.
Commands are statements in a C-like language, where each input
line is treated as the body of a procedure. Thus the command
line can contain variable declarations, expressions, labels,
conditional tests, and loops. Assignments to any variable name
will automatically define that name as a global variable. The
other important thing to know is that all non-assignment expressions
which are evaluated are automatically printed. Thus, you can evaluate
an expression's value by simply typing it in.
Many useful built-in mathematical functions are available. Use
the:
help builtin
command to list them.
You can also define your own functions by using the 'define' keyword,
followed by a function declaration very similar to C.
define f2(n)
{
local ans;
ans = 1;
while (n > 1)
ans *= (n -= 2);
return ans;
}
Thus the input:
f2(79)
will produce;
1009847364737869270905302433221592504062302663202724609375
Functions which only need to return a simple expression can be defined
using an equals sign, as in the example:
define sc(a,b) = a^3 + b^3
Thus the input:
sc(31, 61)
will produce;
256772
Variables in functions can be defined as either 'global', 'local',
or 'static'. Global variables are common to all functions and the
command line, whereas local variables are unique to each function
level, and are destroyed when the function returns. Static variables
are scoped within single input files, or within functions, and are
never destroyed. Variables are not typed at definition time, but
dynamically change as they are used.
For more information about the calc language and features, try:
help overview
In particular, check out the other help functions listed in the
overview help file.
## Copyright (C) 1999 Landon Curt Noll
##
## Calc is open software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
@@ -74,12 +185,12 @@ Quick introduction
## received a copy with calc; if not, write to Free Software Foundation, Inc.
## 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
##
## @(#) $Revision: 29.1 $
## @(#) $Id: intro,v 29.1 1999/12/14 09:15:54 chongo Exp $
## @(#) $Revision: 29.3 $
## @(#) $Id: intro,v 29.3 2000/06/07 15:26:20 chongo Exp $
## @(#) $Source: /usr/local/src/cmd/calc/help/RCS/intro,v $
##
## Under source code control: 1991/07/21 04:37:21
## File existed as early as: 1991
##
## chongo <was here> /\oo/\ http://reality.sgi.com/chongo/
## Share and enjoy! :-) http://reality.sgi.com/chongo/tech/comp/calc/
## chongo <was here> /\oo/\ http://www.isthe.com/chongo/
## Share and enjoy! :-) http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/calc/