mirror of
https://github.com/lcn2/calc.git
synced 2025-08-16 01:03:29 +03:00
Release calc version 2.10.2t30
This commit is contained in:
Landon Curt Noll
423
calc.man
Normal file
423
calc.man
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1994 David I. Bell and Landon Curt Noll
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.\" Permission is granted to use, distribute, or modify this source,
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.\" provided that this copyright notice remains intact.
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.\"
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.\" calculator by David I. Bell
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.\" man page by Landon Noll
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.TH calc 1 "^..^" "15nov93"
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.SH NAME
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calc \- arbitrary precision calculator
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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\fIcalc\fP
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[\fI\-h\fP]
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[\fI\-m mode\fP]
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[\fI\-p\fP]
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[\fI\-q\fP]
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[\fI\-u\fP]
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[\fI\-v\fP]
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[\fIcalc_cmd \&.\|.\|.\fp]
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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\&
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.br
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CALC COMMAND LINE
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.PP
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.TP
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\fI\-h\fP
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Print a help message.
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This option implies \fI \-q\fP.
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This is equivalent to the calc command \fIhelp help\fP.
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The help facility is disabled unless the \fImode\fP is 5 or 7.
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See \fI\-m\fP below.
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.sp
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.TP
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\fI\-m mode\fP
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This flag sets the permission mode of calc.
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It controls the ability for \fIcalc\fP to open files
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and execute programs.
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\fIMode\fP may be a number from 0 to 7.
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.sp
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The \fImode\fP value is interpreted in a way similar
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to that of the \fRchmod(1)\fP octal mode:
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.sp
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.in +0.5i
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.nf
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0 do not open any file, do not execute progs
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1 do not open any file
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2 do not open files for reading, do not execute progs
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3 do not open files for reading
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4 do not open files for writing, do not execute progs
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5 do not open files for writing
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6 do not execute any program
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7 allow everything (default mode)
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.fi
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.in -0.5i
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.sp
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If one wished to run calc from a privledged user, one might
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want to use \fI\-m 0\fP in an effort to make calc more secure.
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.sp
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\fIMode\fP bits for reading and writing apply only on an open.
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Files already open are not effected.
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Thus if one wanted to use the \fI\-m 0\fP in an effort to make
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\fIcalc\fP more secure, but still wanted to read and write a specific
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file, one might want to do:
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.sp
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.in +0.5i
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.nf
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\fRcalc \-m 0 3<a.file\fP
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.fi
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.in -0.5i
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.sp
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Files presented to \fIcalc\fP in this way are opened in an unknown mode.
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\fICalc\fP will attempt to read or write them if directed.
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.sp
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If the \fImode\fP disables opening of files for reading, then
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the startup library scripts are disabled as of \fI\-q\fP was given.
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The reading of key bindings is also disabled when the \fImode\fP
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disables opening of files for reading.
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.TP
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\fI \-p\fP
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Pipe processing is enabled by use of \-p. For example:
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.sp
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.in +0.5i
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.nf
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\fRecho "print 2^21701\-1, 2^23209\-1" | calc \-p | fizzbin\fP
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.fi
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.in -0.5i
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.sp
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In pipe mode, \fIcalc\fP does not prompt, does not print leading tabs
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and does not print the initial header.
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.TP
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\fI \-q\fP
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Disable the use of the \fI$CALCRC\fP startup scripts.
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.TP
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\fI \-u\fP
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Disable buffering of stdin and stdout.
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.TP
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\fI \-v\fP
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Print the version and exit.
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.PP
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Without \fIcalc_cmd\fPs, \fIcalc\fP operates interactively.
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If one or more \fIcalc_cmd\fPs are given on the command line,
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\fIcalc\fP will execute them and exit.
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The printing of leading tabs on output is disabled
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as if \fIconfig("tab",0)\fP had been executed.
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.PP
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Normally on startup, \fIcalc\fP attempts to execute a collection
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of library scripts.
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The environment variable \fI$CALCRC\fP (if non-existent then
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a compiled in value) contains a \fI:\fP separated list of
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startup library scripts.
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No error conditions are produced if these startup library scripts
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are not found.
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.PP
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If the \fImode\fP disables opening of files for reading, then
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the startup library scripts are disabled as of \fI\-q\fP was given
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and \fI$CALCRC\fP as well as the default compiled in value are ignored.
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.PP
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Filenames are subject to ``~'' expansion (see below).
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The environment variable \fI$CALCPATH\fP (if non-existent then
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a compiled in value) contains a \fI:\fP separated list of search
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directories.
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If a file does not begin with \fI/\fP, \fI~\fP or \fI./\fP,
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then it is searched for under each directory listed in the \fI$CALCPATH\fP.
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It is an error if no such readable file is found.
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.PP
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Calc treats all open files, other than stdin, stdout and stderr
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as files available for reading and writing.
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One may present calc with an already open file in the following way:
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.sp
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.in +0.5i
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.nf
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\fRcalc 3<open_file 4<open_file2\fP
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.fi
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.in -0.5i
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.PP
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For more information use the following calc commands:
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.PP
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.in 1.0i
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help usage
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.br
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help help
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.br
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help environment
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.in -1.0i
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.PP
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OVERVIEW
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.PP
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\fICalc\fP is arbitrary precision arithmetic system that uses
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a C-like language.
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\fICalc\fP is useful as a calculator, an algorithm prototyped
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and as a mathematical research tool.
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More importantly, \fIcalc\fP provides one with a machine
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independent means of computation.
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.PP
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\fICalc\fP comes with a rich set of builtin mathematical
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and programmatic functions.
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.PP
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\fICalc\fP is distributed with library of scripts.
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Written in the same C-like language, library scripts may be
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read in and executed during a \fIcalc\fP session.
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These library scripts are also provided because they are
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useful and to serve as examples of the \fIcalc\fP language.
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One may further extend \fIcalc\fP thru the
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use of user defined scripts.
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.PP
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Internally calc represents numeric values as fractions reduced to their
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lowest terms.
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The numerators and denominators of these factions may grow to
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arbitrarily large values.
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Numeric values read in are automatically converted into rationals.
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The user need not be aware of this internal representation.
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.PP
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For more information use the following calc commands:
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.PP
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.in 1.0i
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help intro
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.br
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help builtin
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.br
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help stdlib
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.br
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help define
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.br
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show builtins
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.br
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show functions
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.in -1.0i
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.PP
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DATA TYPES
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.PP
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Fundamental builtin data types include integers, real numbers,
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rational numbers, complex numbers and strings.
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.PP
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By use of an object, one may define an arbitrarily complex
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data types.
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One may define how such objects behave a wide range of
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operations such as addition, subtraction,
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multiplication, division, negation, squaring, modulus,
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rounding, exponentiation, equality, comparison, printing
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and so on.
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.PP
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For more information use the following calc commands:
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.PP
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.in 1.0i
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help types
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.br
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help obj
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.br
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show objfuncs
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.in -1.0i
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.PP
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VARIABLES
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.PP
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Variables in \fIcalc\fP are typeless.
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In other words, the fundamental type of a variable is determined by its content.
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Before a variable is assigned a value it has the value of zero.
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.PP
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The scope of a variable may be global, local to a file, or local to a
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procedure.
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Values may be grouped together in a matrix, or into a
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a list that permits stack and queue style operations.
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.PP
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For more information use the following calc commands:
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.PP
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.in 1.0i
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help variable
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.br
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help mat
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.br
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help list
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.br
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show globals
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.in -1.0i
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.PP
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INPUT/OUTPUT
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.PP
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A leading ``0x'' implies a hexadecimal value,
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a leading ``0b'' implies a binary value,
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and a ``0'' followed by a digit implies an octal value.
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Complex numbers are indicated by a trailing ``i'' such as in ``3+4i''.
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Strings may be delimited by either a pair of single or double quotes.
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By default, \fIcalc\fP prints values as if they were floating point numbers.
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One may change the default to print values in a number of modes
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including fractions, integers and exponentials.
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.PP
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A number of stdio-like file I/O operations are provided.
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One may open, read, write, seek and close files.
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Filenames are subject to ``\~'' expansion to home directories
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in a way similar to that of the Korn or C-Shell.
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.PP
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For example:
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.PP
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.in 1.0i
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~/.calcrc
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.br
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~chongo/lib/fft_multiply.cal
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.in -1.0i
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.PP
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For more information use the following calc command:
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.PP
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.in 1.0i
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help file
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.in -1.0i
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.PP
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CALC LANGUAGE
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.PP
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The \fIcalc\fP language is a C-like language.
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The language includes commands such as variable declarations,
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expressions, tests, labels, loops, file operations, function calls.
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These commands are very similar to their counterparts in C.
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.PP
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The language also include a number of commands particular
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to \fIcalc\fP itself.
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These include commands such as function definition, help,
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reading in library scripts, dump files to a file, error notification,
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configuration control and status.
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.PP
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For more information use the following calc command:
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.PP
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.in 1.0i
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help command
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.br
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help statement
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.br
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help expression
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.br
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help operator
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.br
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help config
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.in -1.0i
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.PP
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.SH FILES
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\&
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.br
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.PD 0
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.TP 20
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${LIBDIR}/*.cal
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library scripts shipped with calc
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.br
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.sp
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.TP 20
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${LIBDIR}/help/*
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help files
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.br
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.sp
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.TP 20
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${LIBDIR}/bindings
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command line editor bindings
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.sp
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.SH ENVIRONMENT
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\&
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.br
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.PD 0
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.TP 5
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CALCPATH
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A :-separated list of directories used to search for
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scripts filenames that do not begin with /, ./ or ~.
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.br
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.sp
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Default value: .:./lib:~/lib:${LIBDIR}
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.br
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.sp
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.TP 5
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CALCRC
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On startup (unless \-h or \-q was given on the command
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line), calc searches for files along this :-separated
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environment variable.
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.br
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.sp
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Default value: ${LIBDIR}/startup:~/.calcrc
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.br
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.sp
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.TP 5
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CALCBINDINGS
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On startup (unless \fI\-h\fP or \fI\-q\fP was given on the command
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line, or \fI\-m\fP disallows opening files for reading), calc reads
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key bindings from the filename specified
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by this environment variable.
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.br
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.sp
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Default value: ${LIBDIR}/bindings
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.sp
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.SH CREDIT
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\&
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.br
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The majority of calc was written by David I. Bell.
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.sp
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Calc archives and calc-tester mailing list maintained by Landon Curt Noll.
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.sp
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Thanks for suggestions and encouragement from Peter Miller,
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Neil Justusson, and Landon Noll.
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.sp
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Thanks to Stephen Rothwell for writing the original version of
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hist.c which is used to do the command line editing.
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.sp
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Thanks to Ernest W. Bowen for supplying many improvements in
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accuracy and generality for some numeric functions. Much of
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this was in terms of actual code which I gratefully accepted.
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Ernest also supplied the original text for many of the help files.
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.sp
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Portions of this program are derived from an earlier set of
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public domain arbitrarily precision routines which was posted
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to the net around 1984. By now, there is almost no recognizable
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code left from that original source.
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.sp
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Most of this source and binary has one of the following copyrights:
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.sp
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.in +0.5i
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Copyright (c) 19xx David I. Bell
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.br
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Copyright (c) 19xx David I. Bell and Landon Curt Noll
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.br
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Copyright (c) 19xx Landon Curt Noll
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.br
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Copyright (c) 19xx Ernest Bowen and Landon Curt Noll
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.in -0.5i
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.sp
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Permission is granted to use, distribute, or modify this source,
|
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provided that this copyright notice remains intact.
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.sp
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Send calc comments, suggestions, bug fixes, enhancements
|
||||
and interesting calc scripts that you would like you see included
|
||||
in future distributions to:
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.sp
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.in +0.5i
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dbell@auug.org.au
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.br
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chongo@toad.com
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.in -0.5i
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.sp
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Landon Noll maintains the official calc ftp archive at:
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.sp
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.in +0.5i
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ftp://ftp.uu.net/pub/calc
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.in -0.5i
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.sp
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Alpha test versions, complete with bugs, untested code and
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experimental features may be fetched (if you are brave) under:
|
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.sp
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.in +0.5i
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||||
http://reality.sgi.com/chongo/calc/
|
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.in -0.5i
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||||
.sp
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One may join the calc testing group by sending a request to:
|
||||
.sp
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||||
.in +0.5i
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||||
calc-tester-request@postofc.corp.sgi.com
|
||||
.in -0.5i
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||||
.sp
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||||
Your message body (not the subject) should consist of:
|
||||
.sp
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||||
.in +0.5i
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||||
subscribe calc-tester address
|
||||
.br
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||||
end
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||||
.br
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name your_full_name
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||||
.sp
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||||
where "address" is your EMail address and "your_full_name"
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||||
is your full name.
|
||||
.in -0.5i
|
||||
.sp
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||||
Enjoy!
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user